The Rise of Liberalism[497]
1. [Movements of Liberalism: Three periods: 1790-1912; 1820-1860; 1903-1917. Since 1870 three attitudes towards democracy: (1) It has been achieved but the machine needs closer attention--civil service reform; (2) It has not been achieved because of the Constitution, but it must be achieved through remodeling political machinery; (3) No intelligent person desires it to be achieved. The movement of liberalism (1903-1917) a great stock-taking venture]
I. [Discoveries]
1. [That the democratic program has not been fulfilled]
2. [That the Constitution is not a democratic instrument, and was not intended to be--the clash between the Declaration and the Constitution]
3. [That while professing to create a democracy we have been erecting a plutocracy]
II. [Conclusions]
1. [The rediscovery of the relations between economics and politics]
2. [The necessity of subjecting property to the collective will]
3. [To that end the need of democratizing the machinery of government--political Progressivism. The application of the Hamiltonian state to the Jeffersonian program]
II. [Liberalism and the Journalists: The Muckraking Movement[498]]
I. [The Origins in the Nineties--Henry D. Lloyd’s _Wealth vs. Commonwealth_]
II. [The Gathering Clan: Lawson’s _Frenzied Finance_; Ida Tarbell; Ray Stannard Baker; _McClure’s_, _The American_, _Hampton’s_]
III. [The Left Wing]
1. [Lincoln Steffens, _The Shame of the Cities_]
2. [Charles Edward Russell, _The Stories of Great Railroads_]
3. [Gustavus Myers, _Great American Fortunes_]
4. [A. M. Simons, _Social Forces in American History_]
III. [Liberalism and Politics: The Movement of Progressivism]
I. [Robert La Follette--The State and Industry]
II. [Theodore Roosevelt--Middle-Class Liberal]
III. [Woodrow Wilson]