OLD AGE--DEATH
(1894-1910)
The truer, the safer, the better years of life are the later ones. We must find new ways of using them, doing not so much, but in a better manner--economising because economy has become necessary, for bodily strength obviously grows less: that is the will of God and cannot be escaped or denied.--BENJAMIN JOWETT (_Letter to Miss Nightingale_, Dec. 30, 1887).
Let fruits of labour go, Renouncing hope for Me, with lowliest heart, So shalt thou come; for tho' to know is more Than diligence, yet worship better is Than knowing, and renouncing better still. Near to renunciation--very near-- Dwelleth Eternal Peace. SIR EDWIN ARNOLD: _The Song Celestial_.
It was in the spirit of Rabbi Ben Ezra that Miss Nightingale faced old age, and for a few years after she had passed her 75th birthday she was able to enjoy "the last of life" with full zest. Something of her former vigour was lost, but something of tenderness and acquiescence was gained. Then her powers gradually failed; she was still in this world, but hardly any longer of it. The time for renunciation was come. There were several years of pensive evening; and then, the end--or, as Miss Nightingale believed with passionate intensity, the beginning of new work in another world. In her later years, a young cousin, in speaking to her of the death of a relation whom they both loved, said that now at any rate he was at rest and in peace. Miss Nightingale, who had been lying back on her pillows, sat up on the instant and said with full fire and vigour, "Oh _no_, I am _sure_ it is an immense activity."
Miss Nightingale's fervour in preaching the gospel that a man's latter years should be his best appears in a series of letters which touch successively on three of the main interests of her life. The first is to the cousin who now for thirty-five years had been her right-hand man in all that concerned the Nightingale School; the second is to a politician with whose aspirations for a new era in India she had sympathized; and the third, to her old comrades in the British Army:--
(_To Henry Bonham Carter._) 10 SOUTH STREET, _March_ 4 [1894]. MY DEAR HARRY--F. N. did not know or did not remember--more abominable me!--that your birthday, a day we must all bless--was on Feb. 15. And don't say "alas!" when you say "it completes my 67th year." Your sun is still in the meridian, thank God! Mr. Jowett always said that the last years of life were and ought to be the best--and of himself he said (tho' he had, I fear, plenty of suffering in the last two years, and some ingratitude among those whom he had really created), that these years were his happiest--his energy never flagged. Sir Harry, an extraordinarily different man, has often told me that the last two or three were the happiest. And his energy, fitful as it always was, never flagged till the very last week of his life. Sidney Herbert worked till his last fortnight. And Mr. Gladstone--for this is like his death[246]--will be lamented not because he worked at Home Rule to his last moment, but because to his last moment he maintained the House of Commons at what it was in the years I so well remember, its palmy days under the School of Sir Robert Peel, of whom he is the last. Now, haven't we cause to rejoice in your life ever more and more every year, and to thank you more and more, and to sing not the Dies Iræ but the Te Deum for your life. And a great many more besides us. Hoot, hoot, laddie! you are one of those who "open the Kingdom of heaven"--that which is "within" and here--"to all believers"; and _not_ one of those who leap from a pinnacle of the temple knowing nothing, but just thinking that the "angels will bear them up"--like some I could name but refrain. And one at least of the "angels" is always a vulgar wretch. And the real "angels" who are working hard, and in detail entirely repudiate the "bearing up" of the leaper from the pinnacle.... Believe me, ever yours gratefully and affectionately, F. N.
(_To Sir William Wedderburn._) 10 SOUTH STREET, _August_ 13 [1896].... You have no business to be low-spirited about the future. There is Providence still. It is 40 years this month since I came back from the Crimea. See how poor I have been helped, though I have lost all my friends among Ministers. When I am low-spirited I read about the Duke of Wellington in the Battle of Waterloo or the Peninsular War. And I see how he held on. Alone he did it. And what was the end? He saved Europe. So it will be with you. You will save India.
[246] He had resigned the Prime Ministership on March 3, and made his last speech in the House of Commons on March 1. He was then 85.
(_To the Crimean Veterans._) _October_ 25 [1897]. MY DEAR OLD COMRADES--I think of you on Balaclava Day and many days besides. In peace as in war, I wish you the best wish: Quit ye like men! God, from whom the soldiers take their orders, has as much work for us to do for Him in peace as in war--thank His Love and Wisdom!--and to the last years of our lives which ought to be the best years of our lives. Never say "_poor_ lives." Life is a splendid gift if we will but let Him make it so, here and hereafter, for Himself. God bless you all.
A few weeks before the date of her letter to the Crimean veterans, she had thanked God in her meditations for all he had given her--"work, constant work, work with Sidney Herbert, work with Lord Lawrence, and never out of work still." "I am soaked in work," she wrote to Sir Douglas Galton (Jan. 1897). "You see," she said to Mr. Bonham Carter (Sept. 1895), "I have my hands full, and am not idle, though people naturally think that I have gone to sleep or am dead." Once or twice, her death had been reported. On another occasion, a paragraph went the round of the religious press stating that Miss Nightingale having contracted a spinal complaint from her long hours of standing in the Crimea, had "now for some years been an in-patient at St. Thomas's Hospital." The paragraph brought a sheaf of letters from persons with "sure remedies" for spinal disease, from faith-healers, from mothers who had daughters similarly affected; and to the Hospital, many flowers and letters of consolation. "They know nothing," she wrote to Mr. Bonham Carter (July 6, 1897), "of what a press my life is, and often a hopeless press but for you." It was a busy life, and, until near its end, it was less subject to ill-health than in earlier years. She had outgrown the weakness of heart and nerves which had often been distressing in middle life, and though she still kept to her room, the impression which she now made upon all who saw her was of robust and vigorous old age.
II
All the active interests of her life still occupied her. She interested herself closely in the progress of sanitary reform in India, and it was not till 1906 that her secretary had to inform the India Office that Sanitary Papers could no longer usefully be forwarded to her. Lord Elgin, who succeeded Lord Lansdowne as Viceroy in 1894, had sent his private secretary, Sir Henry Babington Smith, to call upon her, and through him she had still corresponded with the Governor-General. Her days of vigorous campaigning were over; she became more reconciled, as she grew older, to those "periods of Indian cosmogony" of which Lord Salisbury, in the years of her impatience, had reminded her. She realized more fully than before that in India the progress of sanitary education must be slow. In 1898 she received the Aga Khan. "A most interesting man," she said in her note of the interview; "but you could never teach him sanitation. I never understood before how really impossible it is for an Eastern to care for material things. I told him as well as I could all the differences both in town and in country during my life. Do you think you are improving? he asked. By improving he meant Believing more in God. To him sanitation is unreal and superstitious; religion, spirituality, is the only real thing." And, besides, Miss Nightingale had now to accept limitations in what she could any longer hope to effect. These limitations, and the work within them which she still was able to do, are touched upon in a piece from her pen in 1896.[247] "I am painfully aware how difficult, how almost impossible, it is for any one at a great distance to do anything to help forward a movement requiring unremitting labour and supervision on the spot. But it is my privilege to meet in England from time to time Indian friends who are heartily desirous of obtaining for their poorer fellow-countrymen the benefits which, through sanitary science, are gradually being extended to the masses here, both in town and country, and which are doing so much to promote their health and happiness. So I never lose an opportunity of urging a practical beginning, however small, for it is wonderful how often in such matters the mustard-seed germinates and roots itself." And she went on to describe the steps which her friend Mr. Malabari was taking to promote sanitary education, and even to institute Health Missionaries, in selected districts of Rural India. The Government of India was co-operating to some extent in such work. In a Paper written in 1894[248] she tendered "cordial acknowledgments to Lord Cross, Lord Kimberley, and Mr. Fowler, the successive Secretaries of State for India, also to Lord Lansdowne and Lord Elgin, the Viceroys, for the personal interest they have shown" in the matter of Village Sanitation. She especially commended the practical and helpful spirit shown in the Government of India's Dispatch of March 1895 instituting "Village Sanitary Inspection Books."
[247] Bibliography A, No. 138.
[248] Bibliography A, No. 135.
III
In the Army, too, Miss Nightingale continued to take a lively interest, and Sir Douglas Galton was still within--not always instant--call to give her information or advice:--
(_Miss Nightingale to Sir Douglas Galton._) 10 SOUTH STREET, _Nov._ 24 [1895]. Oh you Turk, oh you rascal, Sir Douglas, not to tell me that you were in London, not to reward me for my good resolution in not troubling you. I would have asked but few questions, but these called for haste. (i.) Most important: How the troops for Kumassi are to be supplied with water, day and night, fit to drink? Spirit ration only as medicine? Are they to have salt pork and beef? Then about their shoes, stockings, and boots? Are these things now recognized at Head Quarters? Probably I am disquieting myself in vain. Lord Lansdowne is so overwhelmed with amateur schemes for W. O. reform--not that I am in that line of business now at all; but I do not like to write to him just now. (ii.) Barracks at Newcastle-on-Tyne, depot where 5th Fusiliers are quartered, said to be in an awful state of bad drainage: not denied, but remedy "would cost too much." I know nothing of it personally. "Ladies Sanitary Association" dying to interfere. Sir Thomas Crawford dead, or I should have asked _his_ advice. (iii.) We have another Nurse (a Sister of St. Thomas's) going out to India to join the Army Nursing Staff. Three are going out in three ships--they don't know where--each goes alone. (The I.O. sends them out like the famous _pair_ of Painted Marmots who came over in _three_ ships, on the crust of a twopenny loaf which served them for provisions during the voyage.) Mine asks me for an Army Medical Book. Don't misunderstand: the Nurses must not know anything about anything, to be looked well on by the Doctors, whose treatment is, I believe, what it was 40 years ago. But if there is a book which could put her up to things, not excepting the terrible increase of the vicious disease, do recommend it me if you can.
In 1895 came the reluctant retirement of the Duke of Cambridge from the post of Commander-in-Chief which he had held for nearly fifty years, and Sir Douglas suggested to Miss Nightingale that the old soldier might be pleased by a letter from her. "I should never have thought that myself," she said; but she had a soft place in her heart for the Duke, as we have seen,[249] and she took kindly to the suggestion. She sent a sympathetic letter in which, as an old servant of the soldiers herself, she ventured to thank the Duke for his many services to the British Army. "I have had such a very nice answer," she told Sir Douglas. The terms in which the Duke replied (Oct. 1) show that Miss Nightingale's kindly compliments had brought some balm to him in his "great grief and sorrow."
[249] Vol. I. p. 385.
One of Miss Nightingale's latest interventions in administrative affairs was an urgent plea for improvement in the barracks at Hong-Kong, about which she had received private information in connection with the outbreak of bubonic plague in 1896. She prepared a careful summary of the case, and through Sir Douglas Galton made representations both to the War Office (Sir Evelyn Wood) and to the Colonial Office (Mr. Chamberlain). Sir Evelyn Wood, I feel sure, must at any rate have listened attentively to what she had to say. In 1898 he gave an appointment to a godson of hers[250] and told her with what pleasure he had done so "as a patient of yours in 1856." As for the Colonial Office, she noted a wise saw which some one told her: "If you get a private reply, the thing is done; if an official reply, all is up." Her reply was official, but nevertheless something was done; though not, I think, all that she wanted. Another matter which much occupied Miss Nightingale's mind at this time was the effect of the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Act, especially in connection with India. In 1896-97 a Departmental Committee was appointed to report upon the facts, and there was much discussion. Miss Nightingale was besieged by both sides for her opinion. She had found reason in the facts for some modification of her former opinions.[251] She was still opposed to the complete reintroduction of the old system, but she thought, on close examination of the facts, that the balance of advantage, moral and physical, lay with some amount of sanitary precaution. She signed, with a reservation,[252] a memorial promoted by Princess Christian, Lady Jeune, and others, "expressing our anxious hope that effectual measures will be taken to check the spread of contagious diseases among our soldiers, especially in India." There was much abuse of Miss Nightingale, and some praying over her for such "backsliding." It was in connection with this matter that she wrote a characteristic comment upon one of her friends: "She does not want to hear facts; she wants to be enthusiastic."
[250] In later years Miss Nightingale was not quite so strict as formerly (see above, p. 73) in abstaining from asking such favours.
[251] See above, p. 75.
[252] Miss Nightingale's signature was "subject to the addition of a request that an independent inquiry be at the same time set on foot at the several stations in India as recommended by the Governor-General in Council on Nov. 4, 1896."
Study of the facts, forethought, good administration: these were the things which constantly occupied Miss Nightingale's mind in relation to military, as to other, affairs. They were the things which had been indelibly impressed upon her by the Crimean War. In the year of the Diamond Jubilee, the enterprising Mr. Kiralfy bethought himself of a Victorian Era Exhibition, in which one section should be devoted to Nursing. Great ladies took up the idea, and Miss Nightingale was besieged from many quarters to let herself be "represented" by photographs, busts, autographs, and "relics of the Crimean War." Miss Nightingale at the first attack was in her most withering vein. "Oh the absurdity of people," she wrote, "and the vulgarity! The 'relics,' the 'representations' of the Crimean War! What are they? They are, first, the tremendous lessons we have had to learn from its tremendous blunders and ignorances. And next they are Trained Nurses and the progress of Hygiene. These are the 'representations' of the Crimean War. And I will not give my foolish Portrait (which I have not got) or anything else as 'relics' of the Crimea. It is too ridiculous. You don't judge even of the victuals inside a public-house by the sign outside. I won't be made a _sign_ at an Exhibition. Think of Sidney Herbert's splendid Royal Commissions which struck the keynote of progress in the British Army! Think of the unwearied toil of the Sanitarians! And you ask me for the photograph of a rat! and at the moment too when there is the Plague at Bombay!" But having delivered her mind in some letters to this effect, Miss Nightingale let her heart be persuaded. Lady Wantage, whom she held in affectionate admiration, climbed the stairs in South Street to press the suit in person, and Miss Nightingale surrendered. "Lady Wantage was so charming," she wrote, half-ashamed of the surrender, "and she wouldn't 'take' when I went off upon Royal Commissions _et id genus omne_, and she stuck to her point and she was so gracious and she is such a very good woman." So the "bust of Florence Nightingale" was lent, and her old "Crimean carriage," brought down from a loft in the country, was patched up to serve as a "relic." A distinguished writer (but he was a humorist) has averred that he once saw an Italian organ-grinder on his knees before a shop-window in St. Martin's Lane, having taken a dentist's showcase for relics of the saints. That was perhaps pushing things a little far; but "hope in the hem of the garment" is deeply rooted in men's hearts. "We want something to love," said one of Miss Nightingale's friends in supporting Lady Wantage's petition, "and one cannot love Royal Commissions." The Crimean relic served. At the Exhibition an old soldier was seen to go up to the carriage and kiss it. The bust was also bedecked. "Now I must ask you," wrote Miss Nightingale to her cousin Louis (Oct. 16, 1897), when the Exhibition was to be closed, "about my bust. (Here I stop to utter a great many bad words, not fit to put on paper. I also utter a pious wish that the bust may be smashed.) I should not have remembered it, but that I am told somebody came every day to dress it with fresh flowers. I utter a pious wish that that person may be saved. You (for I know not what sins), it appears, are my 'man of business.' What _is_ to be done about that bust?" Miss Nightingale's private meditations were the more earnest for her compliance in what she regarded as a mere triviality. The Exhibition was to her an occasion for giving thanks to God. "How inefficient I was in the Crimea! Yet He has raised up Trained Nursing from it!"
Memories of the Crimea were much in Miss Nightingale's mind during these years. On Waterloo Day, 1898, she made an interesting note:--
What an administrator was the Duke! He chose the ground for the battle--he, not the enemy. By his constructive arrangements, having forced them to accept the ground _he_ chose, he, who had no staff fit to help him, supervised everything himself. He made each Corps lie down on the ground he had chosen for it the next day; the ammunition each would require was conveyed to it under _his own_ orders (how many a battle has been lost from want of ammunition!); he provided for every possible contingency. Nothing was neglected, nothing lost, nothing failed. And so he delivered Europe from the greatest military genius the world has seen. How different was the Duke from Lord Raglan, excepting that both were honourable gentlemen! Lord Raglan was told in a letter by a chance Doctor, a volunteer, a civilian, a man whom nobody had ever heard of, that if the men were not better hutted, better fed, better clothed, in a few weeks he would have no army at all. Lord Raglan rode down at once alone with the exception of a single Orderly, and got off his horse and went into his informant's tent and said, "You know I could try you by Court Martial for this letter." He answered, "My Lord, that is just what I want. Then the truth will come out. What signifies what becomes of me? But will you ride round first alone just as you are now at once and see whether what I have said is true?" Lord Raglan did so, and found that it was within the truth. And so the Army was saved. The men were dying of scurvy from salt meat; but the shores of the Euxine were crowded with cattle.
The outbreak of war in South Africa led her thoughts to another interest which had much occupied her at Scutari--the better employment of the soldier in peace:--
"London is full," she noted (October 1899), "of rumours of war with the Boers. I cannot say these rumours are frightful in my ears. Few men and fewer women have seen so much of the horrors of war as I have. Yet I cannot say that war seems to me an unmitigated evil. The soldier in war is a _man_: devoted to his duty, giving his life for his comrade, his country, his God. I cannot bear to say: Compare him with the soldier in peace in barracks; for you will say, Then would you always have war? Well, I have nothing to do with the making of war or peace. I can only say that you must see the man in war to know what he is capable of. If you drive past a barrack, you will see two heads idling and lolling out of every window. And the only creature who is doing anything is the dog who is carrying victuals to his wife who has puppies. And the moral is: Provide the soldier with active employment."
IV
She was unable to take any active part in connection with sending out nurses to South Africa; though many inquiries were addressed to her, and many nurses wrote to her from the scene of war. To the "Scottish Hospital in South Africa," she contributed £100--a gift which was partly inspired by affection for her "grateful and loving child," Miss Spencer, matron of the Edinburgh Infirmary, who was much interested in the scheme.
Miss Nightingale's interest in the work of her old pupils all over the country, in the education of her Probationers at St. Thomas's, and in the affairs of the nursing world in general, was unabated during the closing years of the century. The "Nurses' Battle" about registration was still active, and from time to time she was appealed to for aid. In 1895 certain overtures were made. "Shall I royally discard it," she asked, "or give them a buster?" She chose the latter course. A little later, one of her allies was thought to be weakening. "I did my 'spiriting,'" she reported, "with that gentleness for which I am so remarkable! He gives in. He is a very striking man, and of great presence of mind; masterful too, but he is staggered by Princesses." She was hard at work, too, with advising on appointments. There was one part of the world, however--Buenos Ayres--of which Miss Nightingale began to wash her hands. "Of the last party, all were married within a year; what is the use of sending out any more?" At home there were "four successors wanted," she wrote (1896), "and four staffs howling." A matron in a country hospital was about to resign: "I had two letters and four telegrams from her on Tuesday and other days in proportion." The volume of her nursing correspondence during 1896-97 is, indeed, as great as at any previous time, and she still received regular visits from matrons, sisters, and nurses. "After looking over a mass of Sisters' Records, Probationers' examination-papers, case-books, and diaries, and having had the pleasure of many afternoons with Probationers and ex-Probationers," she found "much cause for thankfulness" in her School; but "as we are always trying to make progress," she went on to propose to her Council a series of detailed suggestions for reform. For some years, too, she was much occupied in advising Lord and Lady Monteagle in a matter which they were promoting--the training of nurses for Irish Workhouses. Her affectionate concern in her nursing friends was constant. In the year of the Jubilee (1897) Queen Victoria invited her to come in a bath-chair to the forecourt of Buckingham Palace to witness the procession. She was unable to leave her room, but she remembered the nurses and purchased a number of seats for distribution among them. She was deeply interested in a nurse who volunteered for plague-service in India: "The deepest, quietest, most striking person I have seen from our present staff, and so pretty. Not enthusiastic except in the good old original sense: God in us. She is firmly and cautiously determined to go to the Plague." After a series of interviews with nurses and letters from them (1898), Miss Nightingale noted some impressions of types. She valued efficiency, but she deplored a tendency which she detected to substitute professionalism for heart. Who are the "ministering angels"? she asked. "The Angels are _not_ they who go about scattering flowers: any naughty child would like to do that, even any rascal. The Angels are they who, like Nurse or Ward-maid or Scavenger, do disgusting work, removing injury to health or obstacles to recovery, emptying slops, washing patients, etc., for all of which they receive no thanks. These are the Angels. They speak kind words too, and give sympathy. The drabby Nurse, crying as if her heart would break, with apron over her head, because a poor little peevish thing who has never given her anything but trouble is dead--is an Angel; while the nurse who coolly walks down a Ward noting how many children are dead who were alive when she last made her round, is by no means an Angel."
In such thoughts Miss Nightingale had a constant sympathizer in the Grand Duchess of Baden, who wrote to her year by year, in terms of warm affection, reporting progress in German nursing--reports which told of professional improvement, but also, as the Grand Duchess thought, of some lack of high ideal. The Empress Frederick, too, continued to see Miss Nightingale from year to year, and their talk was very sympathetic. Of her allies at home, Mr. Bonham Carter was helpful, not only in the conduct of the Nightingale School but in the management of her private affairs. Mr. Rathbone retained to the last his devotion to her as the founder of modern nursing. "To have been allowed," he wrote (Dec. 27, 1897), "to work with your inspiration and wise counsels for more than 35 years as one of your agents in your great work is a thing I am deeply grateful for. I remain while life lasts your devoted friend, and in effort at least your faithful servant." "From the confinement of your room," he added, "you have done more to spread reform than you could have done with the most perfect health and strength." That was not the opinion of Miss Nightingale; she could only direct or advise; she had for many years been forced to leave action to others. The sense of this disability did not grow less, but as years passed, it was felt to be the common lot of the old. She was not well pleased with all that she saw, but she was, of necessity and by discipline of character, less impatient. She could now regard with affectionate tolerance a wedding in her family of nurses. To one "child" she sent a present "With the very best marriage wishes of F. N., though sorry to lose you. Come and see me." She even forgave an old friend whose marriage many years before she had resented as "desertion." She saw much around her to criticize, but she was content to uphold her own ideals and her criticisms became less censorious. "Remember," she said to herself in her meditations, "God is not my Private Secretary." As old friends disappeared, she looked the more earnestly to the younger generation. Sir Robert Rawlinson, who for more than forty years had corresponded with her on sanitary affairs, died in 1898; Sir Douglas Galton, in 1899; Mr. Rathbone, in 1902.[253] She was anxious that Sir Douglas Galton's services should be rightly appreciated in the press, and took some measures to that end. "The man whom we have lost," she wrote privately (March 12, 1899), "Sir Douglas Galton, was the first Royal Engineer who put any _sanitary_ work into R. Engineering. The head of these men at the War Office, the R. Engineers, himself said to me: 'our business is to make roads and to build bridges--we have nothing to do with health and that kind of Doctor's work,' or words to that effect. Sir D. G. opened his own ears and his heart and his mind, and put all his powers into saving life while working in his profession." "One does feel," she had written on All Souls' Day, 1896, "the passing away of so many who seemed essential to the world. I have no one now to whom I could speak of those who are gone. But all the more I am eager to see successors. What is that verse--that the earnest expectation of the creature waiteth for the manifestation of the sons (and daughters) of God. And I am thankful for the many noble souls I have known."
[253] For Miss Nightingale's tribute to his memory, see above, p. 124.
V
Gradually Miss Nightingale's powers failed. For the last fifteen years of her life she seldom left her room in South Street. Her last visit to Embley had been in August 1891. The property there was sold in 1896, "and I don't like being turned out of Hampshire," she said. Her last visit to Claydon was in 1894-95. To Lea Hurst, which had been let for 10 years in 1883, she never went after her mother's death, though she retained her interest in local affairs there to the end. Already in 1887 she had talked of herself as "almost blind"; and in 1895, in a note of symptoms about which to ask her doctor, she had included "want of memory." The loss at first was only of dates and names, but after a few years it became more general. Her eyesight, which had troubled her for some time, now failed. The long series of pencilled meditations ceased. In the later years of them though there was still much self-condemnation, there was more of peace and hope. "November 3-4, 1893. Thirty-nine years ago arrival at Scutari. The immense blessings I have had--the longings of my heart accomplished--and now drawn to Thee by difficulties and disappointments." "Homeward bound." "I have entered in."
Owing to her eyesight being the first among her powers to fail, there is one exception to the general statement that the failure was gradual. Her power of writing failed all at once. Miss Nightingale's handwriting, of which a facsimile has already been given, was very characteristic: clear, bold, and careful. She was possessed with the idea of doing everything that she undertook as perfectly as pains could enable her. In her handwriting every letter is well formed, every word has its clear space: paragraphs, insets, and intervals are arranged carefully to help the reader to the sense; yet all is done with an air of freedom and distinction. There is artistic feeling about the script; the distinctive formation of the _F_ in her signature may be instanced. Few persons, I imagine, have ever written so much as Miss Nightingale did with her own hand, and the writing never deteriorated. Some of her best friends and helpers--Sidney Herbert, for instance, and Douglas Galton--wrote, when hurried, the worst hands; and she would often pencil, over their almost indecipherable scrawls, a fair copy of what she conjectured the words to be. Many of her own letters were in pencil, for she wrote much in bed; but she used a particular brand--procured by her friend Mr. Frederick, of the War Office--hard, and not easily delible, and her handwriting is as good in pencil as with the pen. There were some variations in its manner. In middle life, as some one said of it, her writing "galloped across the page tossing its mane." In youth and in age, it was extremely careful. The very latest examples which I have seen show only a slight quaver in the lines; the formation of the letters and the spacing are as exact as ever. Then the sight failed, and the writing almost ceased.
From about 1901 or 1902 onwards she could neither read nor write except with the greatest difficulty. There were no longer papers on the bed. The hands were quiet. Her eyes rested on her friends with even more than the old kindness, but not with the old penetrating clearness. In 1902 Miss Nightingale was persuaded to accept the services of a companion, Miss Cochrane; who, on leaving to be married, was succeeded in 1904 by Miss Elizabeth Bosanquet. Some diplomacy was necessary, and at first it was agreed that the post should be called that of "lady housekeeper." In reality it was that of private secretary, with large initiative. Miss Nightingale did not easily yield to her infirmities; she concealed them, too, so cleverly as sometimes to mislead visitors, who took a kindly "yes, dear" to express more intellectual apprehension and assent than really lay behind it. Lord Kitchener, who paid her a visit, remarked to Miss Cochrane after the interview how closely Miss Nightingale in her old age followed what was going on; but she had known that Lord Kitchener was coming and had prepared herself by questioning Miss Cochrane fully and impressing on her own memory what her visitor had lately been doing. For some years she liked to feel that she was still in the movement of the world, and to have the daily newspaper read to her--thus submitting in old age to an exercise which had caused her much impatient disgust in youth. Her _Notes on Nursing_, written nearly half a century before, proved true in some respects of her own case, though not in others. She was indifferent to some of her maxims, and in the last years paid little attention to the gospel of the open window. But what she had observed in sickrooms about the tastes of others was recognized as true by those in attendance upon her. So long as she could see at all, she greatly loved to have flowers about her. Then, again, she had written that what those like who are past the power of action themselves is "to hear of good practical action by others." And that was what she found in her old age. She liked to have biographies read to her, and essays which recounted or commended vigorous doing. She was never tired of some pages in Mr. Roosevelt's _Strenuous Life_, and would signify approval by rapping energetically on the table beside her. For several years her bodily strength was well maintained, and she suffered little, except from occasional rheumatism. She was rather a difficult patient, for she could not bring herself to believe that she needed care. She did not take kindly to the introduction of a nurse. The ruling passion of her life was strong; and when the nurse had tucked her up for the night, she would often reverse the parts, get out of bed and go into the adjoining room to tuck up the nurse. She could not realize that her secretary lived with her night and day; and when good-night was said, she would reply, "And now, my dear, how are you going home? do let me send for a cab." Her voice still retained its quality. In extreme old age she used to recite Milton and Shelley and pieces of Italian and French in rich, full tones. Sometimes she would sing, still in a sweet and gay voice, a snatch of an Italian song. Her voice seemed, says one who was much with her, to fill the room. "One day," says a cousin, "she was objecting to being helped in dressing, and I was summoned from the bottom to the top of the house by splendid easy shouts." But there was only occasional revolt. The abiding impression made upon all who served her was of an unfailing kindness and consideration.
She still received many visitors, in addition to her cousins and other kinsfolk. Among old friends, Miss Paulina Irby saw her the most frequently. Sometimes the visit was from a stranger, to whom the occasion had almost an hieratic impressiveness. Miss Nightingale liked best those visitors who had an abundant flow of vigorous talk. A pause in the conversation, which she might be expected to fill by starting a new topic, was a strain to her. The visits which tired her least were those of Matrons and nursing Sisters. She loved to hear of their work, their patients, and especially of suggestions they made for improvements. One of her nursing friends paused in the talk to ask, "But am I not tiring you?" "Oh, no," replied Miss Nightingale quickly, "you give me new life." To dictate any message on her own part was now beyond her. Of the messages sent to her, those which she longest retained the power of apprehending were from Crimean veterans.
VI
Memory, sight, and mental apprehension were rapidly failing when the crowning honours of her life (as the world counts them) were conferred upon her. On November 28, 1907, King Edward wrote with "much pleasure," to offer the Order of Merit "in recognition of invaluable services to the country and to humanity." A suitable reply was framed for her, and on December 5, Sir Douglas Dawson, on the King's behalf, brought the Order--then for the first time bestowed upon a woman--to South Street. Miss Nightingale understood that some kindness had been done to her, but hardly more. "Too kind, too kind," she said. On March 16, 1908, the Freedom of the City of London was conferred upon her--hitherto conferred on only one woman, Lady Burdett-Coutts. Miss Nightingale was able with great difficulty to sign from her bed her initials upon the City's roll of honour, but it is doubtful if she understood what she was being asked to sign. Perhaps it was better so. In the years of her strength she had ever a dread and a misgiving of the world's praises. In the days of her weakness, when power of work in this world had gone from her, she would have regarded such honours, had she understood them, as coming too late. She sought no glory-crown but the opportunity of doing New Work.
[Illustration: Florence Nightingale 1907 from a water-colour drawing by Miss F. Alicia de Biden Footner]
But the prizes of the world may be of real value to others than those who receive them. The signal honour conferred by the Crown upon Miss Nightingale had the effect of calling fresh attention to her work and her example. Not, indeed, that these depended on adventitious aids to remembrance. To some men and women whose years are many it is fated that they should outlive their fame. It was not so with Miss Nightingale. To her it was given to become in her lifetime a tradition and almost an institution; and the longer she lived, the greater, the more widespread was her fame. Already on her 80th birthday (1900), Miss Nightingale had been the recipient of congratulations from Queens and Royal Highnesses, from schools and societies, and from nurses and nursing associations in all parts of the world. In the United States the name of Florence Nightingale was even more widely known and loved than in Great Britain, and already in 1895 the American Ambassador (Mr. Bayard) had begged the honour of an interview in order to tell her "how much revered she is in the United States." Perhaps the congratulations which might have pleased Miss Nightingale most--for she loved efficiency and had read _The Soul of a People_--were those which came from the Far East. From Tokio, on November 28, 1900, the Princess Imperial sent this letter: "The Committee of the Ladies of the Red Cross Society of Japan have the pleasure of presenting to you their hearty congratulation on the occasion of your 80th birthday. That the Address reaches you late in time is due to the great distance which separates your land from ours. But far as our country is from yours, the example of your noble efforts, now become historic, has not affected its inhabitants the less; for it is due to the impulse you have given to the humane work of nursing sick and wounded soldiers that the trained nurses of our Society, amounting to more than 1500 in number, as well as the members of our Committee, are applying themselves with eager zeal to the study and practice necessary for complete efficiency in the hour of need. May your day still be long that you may see the lasting influence of your work expand by its own virtue more and more in all the lands of the earth."
Miss Nightingale had thus not been forgotten when the Sovereign bestowed the Order of Merit; but the public honour set up a fresh cult of her name and work. Among the private congratulations sent to her, there was one which if she were able to realize it, must have warmed the soldier's heart in her. It was from Lord Roberts: "Allow me to offer you on behalf of Lady Roberts and myself sincerest congratulations on the honour the King has been graciously pleased to confer upon you. It is indeed an honour conferred upon the Order of Merit; all the members of which must feel proud to have the name of Florence Nightingale added to the list." The German Emperor, a little later, had a kindly thought. He had been staying in the New Forest. "His Majesty," wrote the German Ambassador (Dec. 10), "having just brought to a close a most enjoyable stay in the beautiful neighbourhood of your old home near Romsey, has commanded me to present you with some flowers as a token of his esteem." The Mayor of her native city, Florence, sent congratulations; the Patriotic Society of Bologna made her a Companion of Honour. From all parts of Great Britain, from the Dominions, from the United States, messages poured in. It was the story of "The Popular Heroine" repeated after fifty years. The beggars and autograph-hunters were insistent; the poetasters, industrious. A great tribe of Florences, named after the heroine of the Crimea, sent messages. Flowers, needlework, illuminated cards were offered. Companies of girl-scouts called themselves "The Nightingales." There were "Florence Nightingale Societies" in America. "Birthday letters to Florence Nightingale" became a favourite school-exercise. There were Crimean veterans who sent flowers or messages recalling stirring times in which they had "served with her," or who "in old age and suffering" desired to let Miss Florence Nightingale know that they held her "in lively and grateful remembrance."
In June 1907 there was an International Conference of Red Cross Societies in London. Queen Alexandra sent a message referring to "the pioneer of the first Red Cross movement, Miss Florence Nightingale, whose heroic efforts on behalf of suffering humanity will be recognized and admired by all ages as long as the world shall last." The Conference, on the initiative of the Hungarian delegates, resolved unanimously that "the great and incomparable name of Miss Florence Nightingale, whose merits in the field of humanity are never to be forgotten, and who raised the care of the sick to the position of a charitable art, imposes on the Eighth International Conference of Red Cross Societies the noble duty of rendering homage to her merits by expressing warmly its high veneration."
In May 1910 there was a large gathering in the Carnegie Hall in New York, at which the public orator of America, Mr. Choate, delivered an eulogium, "testifying to the admiration of the entire American people for Florence Nightingale's great record and noble life." The meeting, assembled in honour of the Jubilee of the Nightingale Training School, was eloquent of the spread of her work, being representative of a thousand Nurse Training Schools in that country.
VII
The subject of these friendly manifestations was already passing beyond reach of the hubbub. Her sight was gone. Her understanding had grown more feeble. Her regular medical attendant was now Dr. May Thorne, whose skill and unremitting care did much to alleviate the last bed-ridden years. Sir Thomas Barlow was called in for consultations periodically. Visitors had now been restricted to two or three a week. Visits were found tiring, for she could not realize when the visitors were gone that they were no longer in the room. Nor did she always remember which of her old friends were still alive. She did not realize that Sir Harry Verney was dead, she would sometimes ask for him, and wonder why he did not come. Besides her own "nieces," she still saw Sisters from St Thomas's or other nursing friends, and occasionally was able by a question or two to show interest in what they said. One of the last to see her outside the immediate circle was Miss Pringle, her dear friend, the Pearl of an earlier chapter. "She was sitting up by the fire in the familiar room, her mind evidently busy with happy thoughts, and once or twice she spoke in a tone of satisfaction." This was in February 1910. She could no longer follow sustained reading, but still liked to hear familiar hymns. A favourite, if one may judge by the frequency with which verses from it appear in her latest written meditations, was "O Lord, how happy should we be, If we could cast our care on Thee, If we from self could rest." Once, the expression of an aspiration; now perhaps, of attainment. The end came very peacefully. At the beginning of August, 1910, she had some ailment, but there seemed no cause for immediate apprehension. On August 13, she fell asleep at noon, and did not wake again. She died at about half-past two in the afternoon. She had lived 90 years and three months.
* * * * *
The offer of burial in Westminster Abbey was declined by her relatives. She had left directions that her funeral should be of the simplest possible kind, and that her body should be accompanied to the grave by not more than two persons. She was buried beside her father and mother in the churchyard of East Wellow, near her old home in Hampshire. The body was borne to the grave by six of her "children" of the British Army--sergeants drawn from the several regiments of the Guards. Her desire that only two persons should follow the coffin could not be fulfilled. The funeral arrangements were kept as private as was possible; but there was a wealth of flowers from people of every kind, age, and degree, and the lane and churchyard were filled with a great crowd of men, women, and children, most of them poorly dressed.
The family grave is marked by a four-sided stone monument. On two of the sides are inscriptions, composed by Miss Nightingale, recording the burial there of her father and mother; on the third, is an inscription in memorial of their elder daughter, Lady Verney, who is buried at Claydon. On the fourth side is a small cross with the letters "F. N.," and the words "Born 1820. Died 1910." The family, as she desired, set up no other memorial.[254] The hymn sung over her grave was Bishop Heber's. She had never tired of quoting it in messages to her nurses and her soldiers, and those who had been about her in the closing years were often thrilled by the fire which she still put into her recital of the lines:
The Son of God goes forth to _war_, A kingly crown to gain, His blood-red banner streams afar: _Who follows in his train?_
[254] Memorial services were held in St. Paul's Cathedral, in Liverpool Cathedral, and in many other places of worship. The English community in Florence have set up a symbolical memorial--designed by Mr. W. Sargant--in the Cloisters of Santa Croce. In this country there are to be several memorials. The Army Nurses have put up a memorial window in the chapel of the Military Hospital at Millbank. In Derby a statue (by Countess Feodora Gleichen) is to be set up; any balance that there may be from the Memorial Fund is to be given to District Nursing in the county. A "National Memorial Fund" is to be devoted, in the first instance, to a statue (by Mr. Arthur G. Walker) in some public place in London and, then, to the Nurses' Pension Fund.
CONCLUSION
The character and the life described in this book had many sides; and though the essential truth consists in the blending of them all, it is necessary in the medium of recital in prose to depict first one side and then another. The artist on canvas exhibits the blended tints at one time. That is why the portrait by a great painter sometimes tells us more of a character at a glance than is gathered from volumes of written biography. But no artist painted a portrait of Miss Nightingale in her prime, and I must do as best I may with my blotching prose in an endeavour to collect into some general impression what has been told in these volumes. I begin with recalling some of the stronger traits; they will presently be softened when I turn to other sides of the character which has been illustrated in this Memoir.
Florence Nightingale was by no means a Plaster Saint. She was a woman of strong passions--not over-given to praise, not quick to forgive; somewhat prone to be censorious, not apt to forget. She was not only a gentle angel of compassion; she was more of a logician than a sentimentalist; she knew that to do good work requires a hard head as well as a soft heart. It was said by Miss Nightingale of a certain great lady that "with the utmost kindness and benevolent intentions she is in consequence of want of practical habits of business nothing but good and bustling, a time-waster and an impediment." Miss Nightingale knew hardly any fault which seemed worse to her in a man than to be unbusiness-like; in a woman, than to be "only enthusiastic." She found no use for "angels without hands." She was essentially a "man of facts" and a "man of action." She had an equal contempt for those who act without knowledge, and for those whose knowledge leads to no useful action. She was herself laborious of detail and scrupulously careful of her premises. "Though I write positively," she once said, "I do not think positively." She weighed every consideration; she sought much competent advice; but when once her decision was taken, she was resolute and masterful--not lightly turned from her course, impatient of delay, not very tolerant of opposition.
Something of this spirit appears in her view of friendship and in the conduct of her affections. Men and women are placed in the world in order, she thought, to work for the betterment of the human race, and their work should be the supreme consideration. Mr. Jowett said of Miss Nightingale that she was the only woman he had ever known who put public duty before private. Whosoever did the will of the Father, the same was her brother, and sister, and mother. "_The_ thing wanted in England," she wrote to Madame Mohl (April 30, 1868), "to raise women (and to raise men too) is: these friendships without love between men and women. And if between married men and married women all the better.... I think a woman who cares for a man because of his convictions, and who ceases to care for him if he alters those convictions, is worthy of the highest reverence. The novels--all novels, the best--which represent women as in love with men without any reason at all, and ready to leave their highest occupations for love--are to me utterly wearisome--as wearisome as a juggler's trick--or Table-turning--or Spiritual rapping, when the spirit says Aw! and that is so sublime that all the women are subjugated. Madame Récamier's going to Rome when M. de Chateaubriand was made Minister is exactly to me as a soldier deserting on the eve of a battle." The occasion of this letter was some gossip of the day about a great lady whose friendship with a politician was supposed to have cooled owing to some intellectual or political disagreement. "I have the greatest reverence for----; and I think hers was one of the best friendships that ever was--and for the oddest reason--what do you think?--Because she has broken it." What she said about Chateaubriand reflected, from a different point of view, something that Mr. Jowett had written to her in the previous year. "I am not at all tired," he had said (Sept. 1867), "of hearing about Lord Herbert. That was one of the best friendships which there ever was upon earth. Shall I tell you why I say this? Because you were willing to have gone to India in 1857." Devotion to a common purpose in active life and equal zeal in the co-operative prosecution of it: these were the conditions which Miss Nightingale required in friendship. They were realized the most fully in the case of five years of her friendship with Sidney Herbert--a period of which she used to speak, accordingly, as her "heaven upon earth." It was the work with him, more than the charm of his conversation and manner (though he had both and though she was susceptible to both), that was the essence of her pleasure. She had as little taste for conversation as for knowledge that led nowhither. "There is nothing so fatiguing," she said, "as a companion who is always _effleurant_ the deepest subjects--never going below the surface; as a person who is always inquiring and never coming to any solution or decision. I don't know whether Hamlet was mad. But certainly he would have driven me mad."
The same positive and purposeful spirit, attuned rather to the intellectual and active sides of human nature than to the emotional, coloured Miss Nightingale's preferences in literature--as in this letter to Madame Mohl (May 20, 1868): "'What does it pruv?' said the old Scotchwoman of _Paradise Lost_, and was abused for saying it. I say the same thing. _Paradise Lost_ pruvs nothing. _Samson Agonistes_ pruvs a great deal. Tennyson never pruvs anything. Browning's _Paracelsus_ pruvs something. Shakespeare, in whatever he writes--in the deepest, highest tragedies, like 'King Lear' or 'Hamlet'--pruvs everything and does most explain the ordinary life of every one of us." She was a great reader, but she preferred the literature of fact to that of imagination. "Wondering," she said, "is like yawning, and leaves the same sensation behind it, and should never be allowed except when people are very much exhausted."
There followed from all this a certain severity in Miss Nightingale's dealings with her friends; a certain inability to show tolerance or understanding for other points of view than her own. There was a lady, once a fellow-worker, who accused Miss Nightingale roundly of having "no idea of friendship." The accusation was not true, but one can see what the lady meant. Miss Nightingale was apt to be a little over-exacting, and to drive her friends rather hard. Also she did not relish independence or opposition. "I like being under obedience to you," wrote one of her nursing friends, always very dear to her. Not indeed that Miss Nightingale had any weakness for gush--no one had less; but if a friend was otherwise admirable to her--by good sense and zeal, and so forth, the fact of the "obedience" was not other than an additional recommendation. She was inclined to resent any diversion on the part of her friends to other interests as desertion.
All this will, I think, sometimes be felt to be true by those who read the present Memoir. Yet it is only part of the truth; and because the final truth resides in the whole it is in a sense not true at all. The greatness of Miss Nightingale's character, and the secret of her life's work, consist in the union of qualities not often found in the same man or woman. She was not a sentimentalist; yet she was possessed by an infinite compassion. Pity for the sick and sorrowful,--a passionate desire to serve them,--devotion to her "children," the common soldiers--sympathy with the voiceless peasants of India: these were ruling motives of her life. She scorned those who were "only enthusiasts"; but there was no height of devotion to which a considered enthusiasm would not lead her. She had in equal measure cleverness and charm. She had a pungent wit, but also a loving heart. The sharpness often prominent in her letters was not always the expression of her real mind or manner. She shunned "the broad way and the green"; but Colonel Lefroy applied to her no less the later words: "they that overween, No anger find in thee, but pity and truth." She combined in a rare degree strength and tenderness. Masterful in action, she was humble, even to the verge of morbid abasement, in thought. She was at once Positive and Mystic. All this also will, as I hope, be found proven in the Memoir.
A curious, and a larger, question is raised by some of the apparent contradictions in Miss Nightingale's aim, thoughts, and character. She was intensely spiritual; she sought continually for the Kingdom of Heaven, and she conceived of it as a kingdom of the soul. Yet her aim may seem material; what she sought was a kingdom of more airy hospitals, more scientific nursing, brighter barracks, cleaner homes, better laid drains. It was after all a searching question which Aga Khan put to her, as he listened to the tale of sanitary improvement during the fifty years of her active life. "But are your people better?" Are there more of them, we may conceive him as saying, who have attained to the kingdom of heaven in their souls? And unless you can show me that such has been the case, why have you, with your great influence and powers, devoted your life to this service of tables?
What reply she made to the Prince I do not know. The answer in her mind may be gathered from the course of her life, the nature of her speculations, and the bent of her character. At recurrent intervals she had formed thoughts for the main purposes of her life other than those which in fact she fulfilled. We have heard of her desire "to find a new religion for the artizans," and there are letters to Mr. Jowett in which she speaks of this desire--of the hope to establish on some sure foundation an organized creed and church--as the longing of her life. She had to abandon it, but never, in the most prosaic or material of her undertakings did she forget her spiritual ideals. She held, as her ideal of nursing shows, that "it takes a soul to raise a body even to a cleaner sty." She held also that the cleaner sty, though it might be the first thing needful, was not the end, but a means. "We must beware," she wrote, "both of thinking that we can maintain the 'Kingdom of Heaven within' under all circumstances,--because there are circumstances under which the human being cannot be good,--and also of thinking that the Kingdom of Heaven _without_ will produce the Kingdom of Heaven within."[255]
[255] _Suggestions for Thought_, vol. ii. p. 205.
Miss Nightingale's own peculiar genius was for administration and order; and she had to employ her genius within the fields of opportunity which her sex and her circumstances offered. She was fond of quoting a passage which she found in one of Sir Samuel Baker's books of travel. "I, being unfortunately dependent on their movements, am more like a donkey than an explorer--that is, saddled and ridden away at a moment's notice." "I never did anything," she once said to a young friend, "except when I was asked." It will be agreed by all who have read this Memoir that Miss Nightingale interpreted her mandates in a spacious sense admitting of much initiative. Yet it is true in large measure that her work was the creation of circumstances, and was, in some fields, dependent on what she and Mr. Jowett used to call "temples of friendship" with political administrators.
Miss Nightingale's scope of action was thus limited; but the limits did not prevent the application of her fundamental ideas. "Perhaps," she wrote in one of her meditations (1868), "it is what I have seen of the misery and worthlessness of human life (few have seen more), together with the extraordinary power which God has put into the hands of quite ordinary people (if they would but use it) for raising mankind out of this misery and worthlessness, which has given me this intense and ever present feeling of an Eternal Life leading to perfection for each and for every one of us, by God's laws." Miss Nightingale did not suppose that human perfectibility, that the final union of man with God, was to be attained only by better sanitation. But she saw that this was the field open to her, and that it admitted of tilling by methods, which if applied to all departments of life would, as she conceived, lead to the one far-off Divine event. "Christianity," she wrote, "is to see God in everything, to find Him out in everything, in the order or laws as of His moral or spiritual, so of His political or social, and so of His physical worlds.... To Christ God was everything--to us He seems nothing, almost if not quite nothing, or if He is anything, He is only the God of Sundays, and only the God of Sundays as far as going to what we call our prayers, not the God of our week-days, our business, and our play, our politics and our science, our home life and our social life; our House of Commons, our Government, our post-office and correspondence--such an enormous item in these days--our Foreign Office, and our Indian Office.... The Kingdom of Heaven is within, but we must also make it so without. There is no public opinion yet, it has to be created, as to not committing blunders for want of knowledge; good intentions are supposed enough; yet blunders--organized blunders--do more mischief than crimes.... To study how to do good work, as a matter of life or death; to 'agonise' so as to obtain practical wisdom to do it, there is little or no public opinion enforcing this--condemning the want of it. Until you can create such a public opinion little good will be done, except by accident or by accidental individuals. But when we have such a public opinion, we shall not be far from having a Kingdom of Heaven externally, even here."[256] "I never despair," she had written some years before, "that, in God's good time, every one of us will reap the common benefit of obeying all the laws which He has given us for our well-being." And towards that end, it was the duty of each and all, according to their several opportunities, to "work, work, work."[257]
[256] _The Mythe of Life: Four Sermons on the Social Mission of the Church._ By C. W. Stubbs, 1880, pp. 86, 98. Mr. Stubbs (afterwards Bishop of Truro) quoted these passages from a letter written by Miss Nightingale to her sister.
[257] Letter to Sir Bartle Frere, June 27, 1868.
Having found her appointed corner in the vineyard, Miss Nightingale devoted her life to it; in equal measure, with careful adjustment of means to ends, and with intense devotion. "To make an art of _Life_!" she wrote to Madame Mohl (May 20, 1868). "That is the finest art of all the Fine Arts. And few there be that find it. It was the 'one thing wanting' to dear----. She had the finest moral nature I ever knew. Yet she never did any good to herself or to any one else. Because she never could make Life an Art. I used sometimes to say to her:--_Do_ you mean to go on in that way for twenty years?--packing everybody's carpet-bag. She always said she didn't. But she always did. And if she did not go on for twenty years, it was only because Death came. I am _obliged_ (by my ill-health) to make Life an Art--to be always thinking of it. Because otherwise I should do _nothing_. (I have so little life and strength.)" Miss Nightingale had come back from the Crimea full of honour. But she returned also seriously injured in health. How naturally might a woman of less resolute character have rested on her laurels, and sunk into a life of gracious repose or valetudinarian indolence! She chose, however, the better and the rougher path. She framed a regimen which shut her off from many of the common enjoyments of life, which to some degree impaired the flow of her domestic affections, but which enabled her, through nearly fifty years of recurrent weakness, to follow her highest ideals and to devote herself to work of public beneficence.
The circumstances of her life as they were ordered for her, the manner of her life as she framed it to meet them, led to some other traits of character which, again, present at first sight a curious contrariety. "She is extremely modest," said the Prince Consort and Queen Victoria when they met her, and she made the same impression on all who came in contact with her whether in the region of public affairs or in that of nursing. She had a consistent and a perfectly sincere shrinking from every form of popular glare and glory. There are passages, however, in letters to her intimate friends which leave, on a first reading, a somewhat different impression. She craved for a full and understanding sympathy with her mission and her work. She was fully conscious, it would seem, of her great powers; she did not always care, in private letters, to hide or to under-rate the extent of her influence upon men and affairs. She objected, in one letter to a friend, that Kinglake's chapter was intolerable because it posed her as "a Tragedy Queen"; but there are other letters in which she dramatizes herself somewhat; there is self-pity in them, and there is other self-consciousness. All this, which on a superficial glance may seem to present some difficult inconsistency, admits, I think, of easy explanation when the conditions of her life are remembered. She was intensely conscious of a special destiny, and the tenacity with which in the face of many obstacles she clung to her sense of a vocation enabled her to fulfil it. The sphere of women's work and opportunities has been so much widened in the present day, that readers of a generation later than Florence Nightingale's may require, perhaps, to make some effort of sympathetic imagination in order to realize how much of a pioneer she was.[258] In her earlier years it was a daring novelty for a young woman to put her hand to any solid work in political administration or other organizing business. She knew all this by hard experience, and it emphasized her sense of special destiny. The manner of her life threw her at the same time, at each stage, though in different ways, in upon herself. During the thwarted years of her youth, she found little outlet except, as she said, in "dreaming"; in dreaming, that is, of the things she might do, in imagining herself in this position of influence or in that. When the opportunity came to her of doing great things, not dreaming them, her youth and early womanhood were already past. Miss Nightingale was thirty-four when she went out to the Crimean war. In the later years, the conditions in which she lived again encouraged, almost of necessity, a habit of introspection: a habit which was also confirmed by her mystical view of the duty of living an inner life of conscious self-realization. Returning from the East in a state of nervous exhaustion, she was absorbed in work which could not wait. She was haunted for many years by threats of early death. There were such things to be, such things to do. But she did them for the most part in loneliness and without any habitual companionship. Except during the five years of almost daily converse with Sidney Herbert, she enjoyed none of that influence, at once sobering and fortifying, which comes from the equal clash of mind with mind. The result was a strain of morbidness which found occasional expression in notes of excessive self-consciousness.
[258] Some passages which I have quoted from Lord Derby's _Speeches_ may assist in such an effort. See Vol. I. pp. 272, 305.
There was, however, a more constant note. The nobility of Miss Nightingale's character and the worth of her life as an example are to be found, not least in the fundamental humility of temper and sanity of self-judgment which caused her to aim with consistent purpose, not only at great deeds, but at the doing of them from the highest motives. She never felt that she had done anything which might not have been done better; and, though she must have been conscious that she had done great things, she was for ever examining her motives and finding them fall short of her highest ideals. There is a story told of a famous artist, that a friend entering his studio found him in tears. "I have produced a work," he said, "with which I am satisfied, and I shall never produce another." The premonition was true. No later masterpiece was produced. The inspiration of the ideal was gone. That inspiration never forsook Miss Nightingale in her pursuit of the art of life.
In life, as in other arts, what is spontaneous, and perhaps even what is unregenerate, have often more of charm than what is acquired or learnt by discipline. And in the case of Miss Nightingale, her elemental vigour of mind and force of will, will perhaps to some readers seem more admirable than the philosophy which she applied to her conduct or the acquired graces with which she sought to chasten her character. But however this may be, her constant striving after something which she deemed better, and the unceasing conflict which she waged, now with opposition of outward circumstance and now with undisciplined impulses from within, add savour and poignancy to her life.
No man knew her so well for so many years as Mr. Jowett, and the thought of her life never ceased to excite his admiration. "Most persons are engaged," he wrote at Christmas-time 1886, "in feasting and holiday-making amid their friends and relatives. You are alone in your room devising plans for the good of the natives of India or of the English soldiers as you have been for the last thirty years, and always deploring your failures as you have been doing for the last thirty years, though you have had a far greater and more real success in life than any other lady of your time." And again: "There are those who respect and love you, not for the halo of glory which surrounded your name in the Crimea, but for the patient toil which you have endured since on behalf of every one who is suffering or wretched." To us who are able to enter even more fully than Mr. Jowett into the inner life of Miss Nightingale, the respect and admiration may well be yet more enhanced, as we picture the conditions in which the patient toil was done, and remember the struggles of a beautifully sensitive soul in ascending the path towards perfection.
* * * * *
Such is the picture of Miss Nightingale which this Book has endeavoured to draw. As I wrote it I often thought with Mr. Jowett, that the life of the secluded worker in the solitary bedroom in South Street was more impressive even than the better known episodes of Santa Filomena in the fever-haunted wards of Scutari, or of the Lady-in-Chief giving her orders as she trudged through the snow from hut to hut on the heights of Balaclava. But it is Miss Nightingale herself who, unconsciously, has said the last words on her Life and Character. In praising one of her fellow-workers, and, next, in giving counsel to some fellow-seekers after good, she used phrases which may well be applied to herself:--
"One whose life makes a great difference for all: _all_ are better off than if he had not lived; and this betterness is for always, it does not die with him--that is the true estimate of a great LIFE."
"Live your life while you have it. Life is a splendid gift. There is nothing small in it. For the greatest things grow by God's law out of the smallest. But to live your life, you must discipline it. You must not fritter it away in 'fair purpose, erring act, inconstant will'; but must make your thought, your words, your acts all work to the same end, and that end not self but God. This is what we call CHARACTER."
APPENDICES
A. LIST OF WRITINGS BY MISS NIGHTINGALE.
B. LIST OF WRITINGS ABOUT HER.
C. LIST OF PORTRAITS OF HER.
APPENDIX A
LIST OF PRINTED WRITINGS, WETHER PUBLISHED OR PRIVATELY CIRCULATED, BY MISS NIGHTINGALE, CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED
1851
(1) _The Institution of Kaiserswerth on the Rhine, for the Practical Training of Deaconesses, under the direction of the Rev. Pastor Fliedner, embracing the support and care of a Hospital, Infant and Industrial Schools, and a Female Penitentiary._ London: Printed by the inmates of the London Ragged Colonial Training School, Westminster, 1851. Octavo, paper wrappers, pp. 32.
Published anonymously (see Vol. I. p. 93). There was another edition (no date), with a different imprint, "London: Printed for the benefit of the Invalid Gentlewomen's Establishment, 1 Upper Harley Street."
1854
(2) _Letters from Egypt. For Private Circulation only._ London: Printed by A. and G. A. Spottiswoode, 1854. Octavo, pp. 334 + 79.
After p. 334, further letters follow with separate pagination. The letters were written in 1849 and 1850 (see Vol. I. p. 95).
1855
(3) Evidence contained in _Report upon the State of the Hospitals of the British Army in the Crimea and Scutari, 1855_.
This is the Report of the Commission of Three sent out by the Duke of Newcastle (see Vol. I. p. 176). Miss Nightingale's evidence is at pp. 330-331, 342-343; and there are numerous references to it in the text of the Report.
1857
(4) _Female Nurses in Military Hospitals._ A "tentative and experimental" Memorandum submitted by request to the Secretary of State. Printed in _The Panmure Papers_, 1908, vol. ii. pp. 381-384.
This Memorandum was included, with a few slight modifications, at pp. 15-19 of _Subsidiary Notes_ (see No. 9).
(5) _Statements exhibiting the Voluntary Contributions received by Miss Nightingale for the use of the British War Hospitals in the East, with the Mode of their Distribution, in 1854, 1855, 1856._ London: Harrison, 1857. Octavo, red-paper wrappers, pp. 68.
One of the most important sources for many sides of Miss Nightingale's work in the East. The pamphlet contains plans, also, of the Hospitals at Balaclava and Scutari.
1858
(6) Letter to "the Colonists of South Australia," dated Jan. 28. Printed in the _Daily News_, August 26, 1858.
The letter was a reply to a Memorial adopted at a Meeting held at Adelaide, September 10, 1856, in support of the Nightingale Fund.
(7) _Report of the Commission appointed to inquire into Regulations affecting the Sanitary Condition of the Army, the Organization of Military Hospitals, and the Treatment of the Sick and Wounded._ Blue book, 1858.
Miss Nightingale's evidence, supplied in answer to written questions, occupies pp. 361-394. It was reprinted in her _Notes on Hospitals_ (ed. 1, 1859). Appendix LXXII. was also her work (anonymous). The whole Report may, in a sense, be included among her "Works" (see Vol. I. Part III. Chapters I. and IV.).
(8) _Notes on Matters affecting the Health, Efficiency, and Hospital Administration of the British Army founded chiefly on the Experience of the late War. Presented by request to the Secretary of State for War._ London: Harrison & Sons, 1858. Octavo, pp. 567.
(9) _Subsidiary Notes as to the Introduction of Female Nursing into Military Hospitals in Peace and in War. Presented by request to the Secretary of State for War._ London: Harrison & Sons, 1858. Octavo, pp. 133. With 23 additional pages (separately numbered) of "Thoughts submitted as to an Eventual Nurses' Provident Fund."
These important reports (for which see Vol. I. pp. 343, 347) were not issued to the public. 500 copies of each volume were printed at a total cost to Miss N. of £501:12s.
(10) Various articles (unsigned) in the newspapers on the _Hospital at Netley_.
In July and August Miss N. organized a vigorous press-campaign on this subject (see Vol. I. p. 383), and there is a large collection of cuttings amongst her papers. Some of the articles, etc., may have been written by friends. Those which are shown by her Papers to be hers are: "What is to be done with Netley?" in the _Examiner_, July 24, and "Netley Hospital" in the _Saturday Review_, August 28 (her own title for this latter was "Peel's Life Pills or the Elixir Vitæ"). Other articles, etc., probably hers, appeared in the _Builder_, July 24, the _Daily News_, July 28 (signed "Vigilans"), the _Lancet_, Aug. 14, and the _Leeds Mercury_, Aug. 21.
(11) "Sites and Construction of Hospitals." Three articles (unsigned) in the _Builder_, August 28, September 11 and 25, 1858.
These articles were reprinted in _Notes on Hospitals_ (1859).
(12) "Notes on Hospitals." Two Papers read at Liverpool. Printed in the _Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1858_, pp. 462-482.
These papers were also printed separately (brown paper wrapper), 8vo, pp. 22, with plan. They were reprinted in _Notes on Hospitals_ (1859).
(13) _Mortality of the British Army, at Home and Abroad, and during the Russian War, as compared with the Mortality of the Civil Population in England. Illustrated by Tables and Diagrams. (Reprinted from the Report of the Royal Commission appointed to enquire into the Regulations affecting the Sanitary State of the Army.)_ London: Printed by Harrison & Sons, 1858. Blue-book size, in stiff lilac paper wrappers, pp. 21.
This was a reprint of Appendix LXXII. in the Royal Commission's Report, where it is stated that "The Tables and Diagrams are furnished by Dr. Farr, F.R.S." They were prepared by him for Miss Nightingale (see Vol. I. p. 376).
1859
(14) _A Contribution to the Sanitary History of the British Army during the late War with Russia. Illustrated with Tables and Diagrams._ London: Printed by Harrison & Sons, 1859. Large folio, pp. 16 and diagrams.
Some copies had the imprint of J. W. Parker & Co. For a notice of this important work, see Vol. I. p. 386. 150 copies were printed.
(15) _Notes on Hospitals: being two Papers read before the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, at Liverpool, in October 1858. With Evidence given to the Royal Commissioners on the State of the Army in 1857. By Florence Nightingale._ London: John W. Parker & Son, 1859. Octavo, pp. 108.
For the two Papers (pp. 1-22), see Vol. I. p. 417. The MS. of them (entitled severally "Notes on the Health of Hospitals" and "Sixteen Sanitary Defects in the Construction of Hospital Wards") is in the Liverpool Public Reference Library, bound in a volume with Miss Nightingale's letter of presentation. For the "Evidence" (pp. 23-88), see above, No. 7. In an appendix (pp. 89-108) three articles from the _Builder_ are reprinted (see above, No. 11). There was a _second edition_ of _Notes on Hospitals_ in 1859. For the _third edition_, which was almost a new book, see under 1863.
(16) _Notes on Nursing: What it is and what it is not. By Florence Nightingale._ London: Harrison (1869). Octavo, pp. 70.
Issued at the end of December 1859, at the price of 5s. This book, the most largely distributed of Miss Nightingale's writings, sold very quickly (15,000 copies within a month of publication), and numerous editions were issued (see Vol. I. p. 448).
1860
(17) _Notes on Nursing: What it is and what it is not. By Florence Nightingale. New edition, revised and enlarged._ London: Harrison, 1860. Octavo, pp. 224. Price 6s.
This edition, with much additional matter, was printed in larger type. Simultaneously, a "Popular Edition" was issued, in limp cloth, price 2s.
The publisher also issued a pamphlet (without wrappers), pp. 43, containing _Reviews and Notices of "Notes on Nursing."_
The book was reprinted by Appleton & Co. in New York, and _American editions_ appeared in 1860, 1876, 1879, 1883, 1891, 1901, 1906, 1908, 1909.
In England the book was most widely distributed in a cheap form (see 1861).
For _foreign translations_, see Nos. 22 and 116 (Italian), 26 (German), 32 (French).
(18) _Proceedings of the International Statistical Congress, Fourth Session, 1860._ To this Congress (Second Section, Sanitary Statistics) Miss Nightingale contributed Papers, which were printed in various forms in its _Proceedings_, etc.
The _Programme_ (quarto, pp. 210) contains her Paper on "Hospital Statistics" (p. 63), with an appendix containing her detailed "Proposal for an Uniform Plan of Hospital Statistics" (pp. 65-71).
The _Proceedings_ on Tuesday, July 17, report (p. 2) the reading of her paper by one of the secretaries, and her suggestions were adopted, subject to some additions to the tabular form. The _Proceedings_ of July 18 report further discussion on these additions. The _Proceedings_ of July 19 contain (p. 5) a letter from Miss Nightingale concurring in the additions. The _Proceedings_ of July 20 mention that a letter was read from her "on subjects of inquiry for next Congress" (see (2) below).
The _Report_ of the Congress (quarto, pp. 548) contains (pp. 173, 174) (1) an account of Miss Nightingale's Papers and of the conclusions of the Congress thereon (see Vol. I. p. 431); (2) a letter from Miss Nightingale to Lord Shaftesbury on subjects of inquiry for the next Congress (pp. 177-178).
Miss Nightingale had copies of her Papers separately printed, with an abstract of the discussions of the Congress thereon. Quarto, in blue paper wrappers.
(19) _Suggestions for Thought to the Searchers after Truth among the Artizans of England._ London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1860. 3 vols. Octavo, pp. 292, 411, 126.
For this book, printed for a very limited private circulation only, see Vol. I. pp. 470 _seq._ The second and third volumes have a slightly different title (see Vol. I. p. 478), _Suggestions for Thought to Searchers after Religious Truth_.
(20) _Note on the New Zealand Depopulation Question._
I am not sure that this Note on the Aborigines of New Zealand has ever been printed; but it may have been. It was written at the request of Sir George Grey (see Vol. II. p. 78), and the manuscript of it was bequeathed by him with all his other papers to the Auckland Public Library. The collection includes several letters from Miss Nightingale. The Note was the work of Miss Nightingale in collaboration with Dr. Sutherland.
(21) _Note on Causes of Deterioration of Race._ A short paper, printed (probably in 1860), but not, so far as I have traced, published.
(22) _Cenni sull' Assistenza degli Ammalati. Quello che è assistenza, e quello che non lo è. Di Florence Nightingale. Tradotto dall' inglese da Sabilla Novello._ Turin: Fratelli Bocca, 1860. Octavo, pp. 96. Price 1 lira 50.
Miss Sabilla Novello was sister of Clara Novello and, like her (see Vol. I. p. 500), was devoted to Miss Nightingale.
1861
(23) _Notes on Nursing for the Labouring Classes. By Florence Nightingale._ London: Harrison, 1861.
Bound in limp red cloth, pp. 96, price 7d. The preface is dated "March 1861." An abridgment of the previous book; but with some additions, and with a supplementary chapter entitled "Minding Baby" (see Vol. I. p. 450). This cheap edition was reprinted in 1865, 1868, 1876, 1883, 1885, 1888, 1890, 1894, 1898.
(24) _Sidney Herbert._ A Paper--headed "Private and Confidential" (no other heading and no title)--on his Services to the Army. Privately printed. Blue-book size, pp. 5.
The substance of this Paper, considerably enlarged, appears in _Army Sanitary Administration_ (1862). The Paper is dated "August 2, 1861" (the day of Sidney Herbert's death); it was written a few days later (see Vol. I. p. 408).
(25) _Miss Nightingale on the Volunteer Movement_, in a letter to Sir Harry Verney. Printed on a folio card, intended, no doubt, for exhibition in post offices, halls, etc.
The letter, dated October 8 (P.S. Oct. 9), 1861, was printed in the _Standard_, October 12, and copies were distributed by the Non-Commissioned Officers of the 1st Sussex Volunteer Artillery at the Prize Distribution Soirée at the Royal Pavilion, Brighton, October 18, 1861.
(26) _Die Pflege bei Kranken und Gesunden_, ... _mit einem Vorwort des Geh. Sanitäts-Rath, Dr. H. Wolff, Bonn._ Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1861.
A German translation of _Notes on Nursing_, arranged for by Miss Nightingale's friend, Fräulein Bunsen, "with a very idiotic Preface," said F. N., "by a very clever man."
(27) "Hospital Statistics and Hospital Plans." A paper printed in the _Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1861_, pp. 554-560.
Reprinted in 1862: see next item.
1862
(28) _Hospital Statistics and Hospital Plans. By Florence Nightingale. Reprinted from the Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science (Dublin Meeting, August 1861)._ London: Emily Faithfull & Co., 1862. A pamphlet, 8vo, pp. 8.
This includes the Model Statistical Forms which were approved by the International Statistical Congress (see above, No. 18). It also gives plans of the "Herbert Hospital" at Woolwich, then being built.
(29) _Army Sanitary Administration and its Reform under the late Lord Herbert._ London: M'Corquodale & Co., 1862. A pamphlet, 8vo, pp. 11.
A paper read at the London meeting of the Congrès de Bienfaisance, June 13, 1862; a revised and enlarged version of the Privately Printed Memorandum of 1861 (No. 24). The Paper was also printed as vol. ii. pp. 103-111 of the Proceedings of the _Congrès de Bienfaisance de Londres, Session de 1862_. London: Trübner, 1863.
(30) _Deaconesses' Work in Syria. Appeal on Behalf of the Kaiserswerth Deaconesses' Orphanage at Beyrout._ Signed "Florence Nightingale, London, September 19, 1862." On a fly-sheet, folio.
(31) _Thomas Alexander, C.B., Director-General Army Medical Department._ A Memorial Letter by Miss Nightingale, printed in the _Weekly Scotsman_, September 13, the _Lancet_, September 27, 1862, and many other papers.
The letter was read by Lord Elcho in unveiling a public monument to Dr. Alexander at Prestonpans. "I can truly say," she wrote, "that I have never seen his like for directness of purpose, unflinching moral courage and honesty."
(32) _Des Soins à donner aux Malades: ce qu'il faut faire, ce qu'il faut éviter. Par Miss Nightingale. Ouvrage traduit de l'Anglais avec l'authorisation de l'auteur. Précédé d'une Lettre de M. Guizot et d'une Introduction par M. Daremberg._ Paris: Didier. Crown 8vo, pp. lxxx. + 301.
A translation of _Notes on Nursing_ (1860). A biographical "Notice sur Miss Florence Nightingale" occupies pp. lxi.-lxxvii. For a reference to Guizot's letter, see Vol. I. p. 82.
1863
(33) _Report of the Royal Commission on the Sanitary State of the Army in India, 1863._ Large-size Blue-book, 2 vols. At vol. i. pp. 347-370, "Observations by Miss Nightingale on the Evidence contained in the Stational Returns," dated Nov. 21, 1862, with illustrations; pp. 371-462, "Abstract of the same Reports," headed "Prepared by Dr. Sutherland," in fact prepared by him and Miss Nightingale.
For this Report, which was her work in further respects, see Vol. II. Pt. V., Chaps. II., III. The Report was issued in three different forms:
(1) As above.
(2) An octavo abridged edition (July 1863). This edition does not include either Miss N.'s "Observations" or the "Abstract."
(3) A revised abridged edition, issued by the War Office. This was prepared by Miss Nightingale and included her "Observations" (pp. 297-344), and a new "Abstract of the Evidence" (pp. 157-297) prepared by her. For the story of these three editions, see Vol. II. pp. 35-38.
(34) _Observations on the Evidence contained in the Stational Reports submitted to the Royal Commission on the Sanitary State of the Army in India. By Florence Nightingale._ (_Reprinted from the Report of the Royal Commission._) London: Edward Stanford, 1863. Octavo, pp. 92, bound in red cloth. Price 2s. 6d.
This is a reprint of the "Observations," with all the illustrations (see No. 33). The Publisher said in a prefatory note: "On a subject of the highest interest to the country, it appears desirable that Miss Nightingale's views should be placed in the hands of the public, both in England and in India. Those who have Miss Nightingale's other volumes will thus be able to add to them a book which is second to none of them in charm of style, and will promote the reform of the sanitary condition of the British Army, as well as conduce to the well-being of the natives of India."
Extracts from the "Observations" and from "How People may live and not die in India" (No. 41) were printed in the _Soldier's Friend_, July 1, 1865.
(35) _Proposal for Improved Statistics of Surgical Operations._ Quarto, pp. 7; dated December 1863.
The proposal had been submitted to the International Statistical Congress held at Berlin in 1863 (see Vol. I. p. 434). The Paper was included in the _third_ edition of _Notes on Hospitals_ (No. 37).
(36) _Note on the Supposed Protection afforded against Venereal Disease by recognizing Prostitution and putting it under Police Regulation._ Folio, pp. 8.
Not signed, and headed "Private and Confidential." Miss N. printed 20 copies only (see Vol. II. p. 75).
(37) _Notes on Hospitals. By Florence Nightingale. Third edition, enlarged and for the most part rewritten._ London: Longmans, 1863. Quarto, pp. 187.
This edition comprised (1) the two Papers (rewritten) of the first edition (but not the evidence to the Royal Commission of 1857); (2) new chapters on Improved Hospital Plans, Convalescent Hospitals, Children's Hospitals, Indian Military Hospitals, Hospitals for Soldiers' Wives; (3) Hospital Statistics, A. General Statistics, B. Proposal for Improved Statistics of Surgical Operations; (4) an appendix "On Different Systems of Hospital Nursing."
Of these contents, (3) A. was substantially a reprint of No. 27; and (3) B. of No. 35.
Of (4) a separate edition, slightly altered, was issued (see No. 38).
The publication of this third edition led to a lively discussion in the medical press. The _Lancet_ approved of Miss Nightingale's statistical method (Feb. 27, 1864). The _Medical Times_ (Jan. 30) strongly attacked it. Dr. Farr defended it (Feb. 13), and a correspondence ensued for some weeks which was as heated as professional disputes generally are. The reviews in the general press were very numerous.
(38) _Note on Different Systems of Nursing._ A pamphlet, 8vo, pp. 5 (printed by Harrison & Sons).
This is reprinted, slight alterations, from the appendix in the _third_ edition of _Notes on Hospitals_.
(39) _Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1863_, containing two Papers by F. N.: (1) Sanitary Statistics of Colonial Schools, pp. 475-488 (discussion on the paper, p. 557). (2) How Men may live and not die in India, pp. 501-510 (discussion, pp. 557-558).
For the reprint of (1), see No. 40; of (2), No. 41.
(40) _Sanitary Statistics of Native Colonial Schools and Hospitals. By Florence Nightingale._ London: 1863. A pamphlet (lilac-coloured paper wrappers), pp. 67.
1864
(41) _How People may live and not die in India. By Florence Nightingale._ (_Read at the Meeting of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, held at Edinburgh, October 1863._) London: Emily Faithfull, 1863. A pamphlet, 8vo, pp. 11, in lilac-coloured paper wrappers.
This Paper, of wide fame in its day, appeared in three forms: (1) In reports of the Social Science Association's Meetings (No. 39); also very fully reported in the _Scotsman_, October 9, 1863.
(2) In the pamphlet, above described, which, though dated 1863, was not issued till Jan. 1864. 250 copies were printed for private circulation only.
(3) A _second edition_, widely circulated, appeared in November 1864, published by Longmans, 8vo, pp. 18 (lilac wrapper), with a new Preface (dated August 1864).
(42) _Suggestions, in Regard to Sanitary Works required for Improving Indian Stations, prepared by the Barrack and Hospital Improvement Commission._ Blue-book (Suggestions, pp. 1-37), issued in 1864.
These Suggestions are signed by the members of the Commission. They were written mainly by Miss Nightingale. The MS. of the Suggestions as first sent to the printers, preserved among her papers, is in her handwriting, with some additions by Dr. Sutherland. The section (and numerous illustrations in an appendix) dealing with drainage and water-supply was contributed by Mr. R. Rawlinson. See Vol. II. p. 48. A _revised edition_ was issued in 1882.
1865
(43) _Remarks by the Barrack and Hospital Improvement Commission on a Report by Dr. Leith on the General Sanitary Condition of the Bombay Army._ Parliamentary Paper, 1865, No. 329.
The original draft of this Paper was prepared by Dr. Sutherland and Miss Nightingale (see Vol. II. p. 54).
(44) _Suggestions on a System of Nursing for Hospitals in India._ A letter to the Secretary of the Sanitary Commission for Bengal, pp. 18. Signed "Florence Nightingale, London, February 24, 1865." Folio, pp. 18.
Introduction, pp. 1-3; detailed Suggestions, pp. 4-18. The Introduction (as is shown by a MS. amongst Miss Nightingale's Papers) was written by Sir John McNeill. Miss Nightingale's letter was included, as an appendix, in an Indian Official Paper (Simla, Aug. 29, 1866) (see Vol. II. p. 55).
(45) _Nursing Association for the Diocese of Lichfield_.... By E. J. Edwards. London: Parker, 1865. A pamphlet, with letter from F. N. dated April 13, 1865, on p. 1.
(46) _The Organization of Nursing in a Large Town_ (an account of the Liverpool Nurses' Training School). With an Introduction, and Notes, by Florence Nightingale. Liverpool, 1865. Octavo, pp. 103.
Miss Nightingale's Introduction occupies pp. 9-16. The book also contains (pp. 25-26) a letter from her, dated November 30, 1861, on the "Training and Employment of Women in Hospital, District, and Private Nursing."
A Swedish translation, by Frau Engelskau, appeared at Stockholm in 1869.
(47) _Note on the Aboriginal Races of Australia: a Paper read at the Annual Meeting of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, held at York, September 1864._ London: Printed by Emily Faithfull, 1865. A pamphlet without wrappers, pp. 8.
The "Note" had previously been printed in the _Transactions_ of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1864, pp. 552-558.
(48) _Death of Pastor Fliedner, of Kaiserswerth._ A quarto circular, pp. 4; three letters, dated Oct. 21, Nov. 21, Dec. 10, 1864.
The last letter was an appeal for a Fund to support his widow and children. The first two of the letters had already appeared in _Evangelical Christendom_, New Series, vol. v. pp. 535-536 (November), pp. 584-586 (December).
1867
(49) _Report of the Committee on Cubic Space of Metropolitan Workhouses with Papers submitted to the Committee._ Blue-book, 1867. Paper xvi. is Miss Nightingale's "Suggestions on the Subject of Providing, Training, and Organizing Nurses for the Sick Poor in Workhouse Infirmaries," pp. 64-79 (dated Jan. 19, 1867).
For this Paper, see Vol. II. pp. 135-6. Miss Nightingale had copies of it separately printed. Folio, pp. 16. Subsequently (1868) she issued an abridgment of the Paper: _Method of Improving the Nursing Service of Hospitals_. Folio, pp. 8 (some copies have an appendix, pp. 11). Some of the contents were again printed in 1874.
(50) _Workhouse Nursing._ A letter to Mr. William Rathbone, dated Feb. 5, 1864, printed at pp. 4-6 of _Workhouse Nursing: the Story of a Successful Experiment_. Macmillan, 1867.
For this letter, see Vol. II. p. 125.
1868
(51) "Una and the Lion." A paper in _Good Words_, June 1868, pp. 360-366.
An account of Miss Agnes Elizabeth Jones, "the pioneer of workhouse nursing." It was reprinted, with some slight alterations, as "Introduction" to _Memorials of Agnes Elizabeth Jones, by her Sister_ (1871), a book which ran into many editions (5th, 1872). The use of Miss Nightingale's Paper in that book was unauthorized, and she objected to the Memorials as one-sided and morbid, and giving no true account of Miss Jones's work. For this paper, see Vol. II. p. 140.
(52) _Memorandum on Measures adopted for Sanitary Improvements in India up to the end of 1867; together with Abstracts of the Sanitary Reports hitherto forwarded from Bengal, Madras, and Bombay._ Printed by the order of the Secretary of State for India in Council, 1868.
The Memorandum consists of (1) a résumé of the Sanitary Question from 1859 to 1867; (2) dispatch from Sir Stafford Northcote of April 23, 1868; (3) a review of the situation. Of these, (1) was written by F. N.; (2) was drafted by her, (3) was written by her (see Vol. II. p. 154).
1869
(53) "A Note on Pauperism." An article in _Fraser's Magazine_, March 1869, pp. 281-290.
See Vol. II. p. 164.
(54) _Report on Measures adopted for Sanitary Improvements in India during the year 1868 and up to the month of June 1869; together with Abstracts_, etc. Blue-book.
The Introductory Memorandum, pp. 1-8, was mainly written by F. N. (see Vol. II. p. 181).
1870
(55) Letter, dated May 25, 1870, to the Council of the _Bengal Social Science Association_, on being elected an Honorary Member thereof. Printed at pp. xiv., xv. of the _Transactions_ of the Association (Calcutta, 1870).
On her Indian work for 11 years.
(56) _Indian Sanitation._ Printed at pp. 1-9 of the _Transactions_ of the Bengal Social Science Association (Calcutta, 1870).
The address was sent with a covering letter, dated June 24, 1870. A note by the President of the Association says: "Our assistant-secretary, Babu Nilmoney Dey, has undertaken to translate this noble address to the People of India into Bengali, and it shall be the care of our Council to provide that, before the end of the year, its wise and benevolent monitions shall have free means of access to every native homestead, at least in this Presidency of India."
(57) _Report on Measures adopted for Sanitary Improvements in India from June 1869 to June 1870; together with Abstracts_, etc. Blue-book.
This includes two contributions by F. N., viz.:
"Paper on Sanitary Progress in India," contributed by request to the Report, pp. 40-46. "Letter to the Bengal Social Science Association," dated June 1870. Reprinted at pp. 288-291 of the same Report (see No. 56).
In the former of these Papers, Miss Nightingale criticized the introduction of conflicting disease-theories into sanitary reports, as tending to confuse the public mind and impede expenditure on sanitary improvement. Dr. Maclean, of the Netley Hospital, took exception to these views in the _Lancet_ (Oct. 29, 1870), and Miss Nightingale replied in the issue of November 19, 1870 (p. 725).
(58) Letter on the Franco-German War and Red-Cross Nursing. Printed in the _Times_, August 5, 1870.
See Vol. II. p. 199.
(59) _Punishment and Discipline._ A letter to the National Congress on Penitentiary and Reformatory Discipline, Cincinnati, 1870. Printed in the _Transactions_ (Albany, 1871), p. 636.
The letter dated "November 12, 1870," urges the expediency of making thieves pay by reformatory work for what they steal.
1871
(60) _Emigration._ A letter to the Rev. Horrocks Cocks, April 12, 1871. "Published by special permission of Miss Nightingale," on a fly-sheet, pp. 2.
(61) _Introductory Notes on Lying-in Institutions. Together with a Proposal for Organising an Institution for Training Midwives and Midwifery Nurses. By Florence Nightingale._ London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1871. Octavo, pp. 110.
For this book, see Vol. II. p. 196.
1872
(62) "Observations on Sanitary Progress in India." Dated October 11, 1872. Contributed by request to the _Report on Measures adopted for Sanitary Improvements in India, 1872_, pp. 48-49.
(63) _Address from Miss Nightingale to the Probationer Nurses in the "Nightingale Fund" School at St. Thomas's Hospital. Printed for Private Circulation._ Dated May 1872. Quarto, pp. 8.
Copies were also lithographed from Miss Nightingale's MS. An address (or sometimes called a letter) was written in many succeeding years (see below under 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1878, 1879, 1881, 1883, 1884, 1886, 1888, 1897, 1900, 1905). For remarks on the addresses generally, and quotations, see Vol. II. pp. 263-268.
1873
(64) "A 'Note' of Interrogation." An article in _Fraser's Magazine_, May 1873, pp. 567-577.
(65) "A Sub-'Note of Interrogation.' What will our Religion be in 1999?" An article in _Fraser's Magazine_, July 1873, pp. 25-36.
For these papers, see Vol. II. pp. 218-220.
(66) _Address from Miss Nightingale to the Probationer Nurses in the "Nightingale Fund" School at St. Thomas's Hospital and the Nurses who were formerly trained there. Printed for Private Circulation._ Quarto, pp. 12. Dated "May 23, 1873."
(67) _Notes on the New St. Thomas's Hospital._ [_Being simply Notes on those things which should be avoided._] Headed "Private and Confidential." Folio, pp. 4.
(68) _Prison Discipline._ A letter, dated "September 1, 1873," addressed to the Rev. Dr. Wines and printed in the _Hartford Courant_ (Connecticut).
The letter was reprinted in English newspapers, _e.g._ in _The Times_ October 11, 1873.
(69) _Voting Reform in Charities._ A letter to Sir Sydney Waterlow, dated October 30, printed in _The Times_, November 4, 1873.
(70) _Letter to the Nurses of the Edinburgh Infirmary._ Quarto, pp. 5. Dated Dec. 6, 1873.
(71) A letter (lithographed) addressed to specified (Nightingale) Nurses at the Edinburgh Infirmary, Christmas 1873.
1874
(72) _Life or Death in India. A Paper read at the Meeting of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, Norwich, October 1873. With an appendix on "Life or Death by Irrigation."_ London: Harrison & Sons, 1874. A pamphlet, 8vo, pp. 63, in lilac paper wrappers.
For a notice of this pamphlet, see above, p. 181. The Paper was printed in several different forms:
(1) In the _Transactions_ of the Association, 1873, pp. 463-474.
(2) For private circulation, as a pamphlet (pp. 14, in white paper wrappers) entitled _How Some People have lived and not died in India_. London, 1874 (printed by Spottiswoode).
(3) With the appendix (written in May 1874) as above. Some copies are in dark-blue wrappers, and have "Spottiswoode & Co." in place of "Harrison & Sons."
(4) The Paper and appendix were printed at pp. 47-64 of the Blue-book, _Report on Measures adopted for Sanitary Improvements in India from June 1873 to June 1874_.
(73) _Address from Florence Nightingale to the Probationer Nurses in the "Nightingale Fund" School at St. Thomas's Hospital and the Nurses who were formerly trained there. July 23, 1874. Printed for Private Use._ Quarto, pp. 12.
(74) "Irrigation and Means of Transit in India." An article in the _Illustrated London News_, August 1, 1874; signed, and dated "July 30, 1874."
The article contains an incidental reference to the "India Council Bill of Lord Salisbury--that master-workman and born ruler of men." The article was reprinted in the _Homeward Mail_, August 4, and the _Journal of the National Indian Association_, September (pp. 215-219).
(75) _Suggestions for Improving the Nursing Service of Hospitals and on the Method of Training Nurses for the Sick Poor._ Folio, pp. 18 (dated August 1874).
This Paper comprises: (1) "Method of Training Nurses at St. Thomas's Hospital (under the Nightingale Fund)." (2) "Relation of Hospital Management to Efficient Nursing." (3) "Structural Arrangements in Hospitals required for Efficient Nursing." (4) "District Nursing." Of these contents (1) and (2) and (3) were reprinted with some alterations from No. 49.
(76) _Letter to the Nurses of the Edinburgh Infirmary_ (Dec. 1874). Quarto, on a single sheet.
(77) _The Zemindar, the Sun, and the Watering Pot as affecting Life or Death in India._ Folio, pp. 195; bound up in two Parts (pp. 1-84, 85-195).
For this work (never issued in any final form), see above, p. 295. Proof-copies, among Miss Nightingale's papers, show many variations in the title, _e.g._ for Part I., "The Zemindary System as affecting Life or Death in India," and for Part II., "Life or Death in India under Irrigation."
1875
(78) _Address from Florence Nightingale to the Probationer Nurses in the "Nightingale Fund" School at St. Thomas's Hospital and the Nurses who were formerly trained there. May 26, 1875. Printed for Private Use only._ Quarto, pp. 12.
1876
(79) _Address_ ... [as in No. 78]. _April 28, 1876. Printed for Private Use only._ Quarto, pp. 12.
(80) _Metropolitan and National Association for Providing Trained Nurses for the Sick Poor. On Trained Nursing for the Sick Poor. By Florence Nightingale._ A letter addressed to the _Times_ of Good Friday, April 14, 1876. Printed by Spottiswoode & Co., 1876. A small pamphlet (without wrappers), pp. 12.
Other copies have the imprint, "Printed by Cull & Son, Houghton Street, Strand." There were articles on Miss Nightingale's letter in the _Saturday Review_, April 22, and _Punch_, April 29. The pamphlet was reprinted in 1881.
(81) The "Bulgarian Atrocities." A letter, dated September 15, in the _Daily News_, September 18.
An eloquent appeal for the Bulgarian Relief Fund, addressed to Sir John Bennett.
1877
(82) "The Famine in Madras." A letter to the _Illustrated London News_, June 29, 1877.
The letter, dealing with irrigation as a preventive of famine, was reprinted as an appendix (pp. 25-30) to a pamphlet entitled _The Madras Famine_, by Sir A. Cotton. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co.
(83) _In Memoriam._ In remembrance of John Gerry. A small pamphlet, pp. 14, in mauve paper wrappers. Written and privately printed by F. N.
John Gerry was a young footman who died of smallpox at Lea Hurst on July 17, 1877. Miss Nightingale was in the house at the time and had two trained nurses in attendance on him.
(84) "The Indian Famine." A letter to the Lord Mayor, enclosing a cheque for the Mansion House Relief Fund, printed in the _Daily Telegraph_, August 20.
"The letter would be worth its weight in gold to the Fund," said the Lord Mayor in acknowledging it. It was an earnest appeal for aid to the ryot, than whom "there is not a more industrious being on the face of the earth."
(85) _Work in Brighton; or, Woman's Mission to Women._ By the Author of _Active Service, Work among the Lost_, etc. [Ellice Hopkins]. With a Preface by Florence Nightingale. Ninth Thousand. London: Hatchards, 1877.
The Preface, dated "October 1877," occupies pp. iii., iv., and is an earnest appeal for Rescue Work.
(86) _Lettre sur le devoir des Femmes de prendre une part active à l'[oe]uvre du relèvement de la moralité publique, et considerations sur les résultats sanitaires de la reglementation dans l'Inde Anglaise._
Read at a Congress in Geneva in the autumn of 1877. I have not been able to trace where it was printed.
(87) _A Letter to the Nurses of the Edinburgh Infirmary_, dated "New Year's Eve, 7 A.M." Quarto, pp. 3.
1878
(88) _Letter to the Matron, Home Sister, and Nurses at St. Thomas's Hospital._ Quarto, pp. 14.
Lithographed. Dated "New Year's Day, 7 A.M., 1878." This took the place of the usual address.
(89) "Who is the Savage?" An article in _Social Notes_ (edited by S. C. Hall), May 11, 1878, vol. i. No. 10, pp. 145-147.
A description of life in the slums of a great city--suggesting an extension of Miss Octavia Hill's work, coffee-houses, co-operative stores, and rescue work. The MS. of this paper was offered for sale by an Edinburgh bookseller in 1913.
(90) "The United Empire and the Indian Peasant." An article in the _Journal of the National Indian Association_, June 1878, pp. 232-245.
(91) St. Thomas's Hospital. _Memorandum for Probationers as to Finger Poisoning_, etc. A fly-sheet, pp. 4. Dated "July 1878."
Drawn up by F. N. in consultation doubtless with the medical officers.
(92) "A Water Arrival in India. By a Commissioner." An article, signed "F. N.," in _Good Words_, July 1878, pp. 493-496.
Describing, in the language as of a Royal Progress, the opening of the Kana Nuddee (Blind River) in the Hooghly District.
(93) _Opinions of Women on Women's Suffrage._ A leaflet (8vo, pp. 4, printed by A. Ireland & Co., Manchester); Florence Nightingale's opinion (dated July 1878) occupies p. 1:--
You ask me to give my reasons for wishing for the suffrage for women householders and women ratepayers. I have no reasons. The Indian ryot should be represented so that the people may virtually rate themselves according to the surveys of what is wanted, and spend the money locally under certain orders of an elected board. If this is the case: that we wish to give to the Indian native, peasant and Zemindar alike, such local representation _as we can_ in spending the taxes he pays, is the educated English taxpayer, of _whichever_ sex, to be excluded from a share in electing the Imperial representatives? It seems a first principle, an axiom: that _every_ householder or taxpayer should have a voice in electing those who spend the money we pay, including, as this does, interests the most vital to a human being--for instance, education. At the same time I do not expect much from it, for I do not see that, for instance in America, where suffrage is, I suppose, the most extended, there is more (but rather less) of what may truly be called freedom or progress than anywhere else. But there can be no freedom or progress without representation. And we must give women the true education to deserve being represented. _Men_ as well as women are not so well endowed with that preparation at present. And if the persons represented are not worth much, of course the representatives will not be worth much.
(94) "The People of India." An article in the _Nineteenth Century_, August 1878, pp. 193-221.
For this article, see above, p. 290.
1879
(95) _Letter from Florence Nightingale to the Probationer-Nurses in the "Nightingale Fund" School at St. Thomas's Hospital. Easter, 1879. For Private Use only._ Quarto, pp. 4.
This letter, dated "Easter Eve, 1879, 6 _A.M._," was also lithographed in smaller form.
(96) St. Thomas's Hospital: _Memorandum of Instructions by Matron to Ward Sisters on Duties to Probationers_. Dated "Easter, 1879." A pamphlet of 4 pp.
Signed "S. E. W." (Mrs. Wardroper, the Matron), but written by F. N.
(97) "A Missionary Health Officer in India." Three articles in _Good Words_, July, August, September 1879, pp. 492-496, 565-571, 635-640.
The first and part of the second article describe Indian Famine relief. The rest of the second discusses, in connection with agrarian riots in the Deccan, the evils caused by the money-lenders (for an extract from this article, see Vol. I. p. 87 _n._). The third describes the work of a Sanitary Commissioner in normal times with special reference to Bombay. Both the second and the third articles close with panegyrics of Lord Lawrence.
(98) Letter on _Co-operation in India_. Printed at pp. 219-221 of the _Journal of the National Indian Association_, May 1879.
(99) "Irrigation and Water Transit in India." Three articles in the _Illustrated London News_, May 10, 24, 31.
(100) _Can we educate Education in India to educate "Men"?_ Three articles in the _Journal of the National Indian Association_, August, September, October 1879, pp. 417-430, 478-491, 527-558.
1880
(101) _In Memoriam._ A card (pp. 4), "from F. P. V. and F. N." in memory of Frances and William Edward Nightingale (F. N.'s mother and father).
The card was composed by F. N., whose choice of texts, etc., was characteristic--_e.g._ "Live for Him: then come life, come death, we are His." "God help us to use ourselves more entirely for Him in our work."
(102) "Woman Slavery in Natal." A letter from Miss Nightingale (dated Nov. 22, 1879) to Mr. James Heywood, printed in the _Aborigines' Friend_, April 1880.
(103) "Hospitals and Patients." An article put into type for the _Nineteenth Century_ of September 1880, but not used.
1881
(104) _Letter from Florence Nightingale, May 6, 1881_ [to the Nurses at St. Thomas's Hospital]. Lithographed, pp. 16.
1882
(105) "Hints and Suggestions on Thrift." A paper printed in a monthly journal entitled _Thrift_, January 1882, p. 4.
(106) _Training of Nurses_ and _Nursing the Sick_. Articles occupying pp. 1038-1043, 1043-1049 of _Quain's Dictionary of Medicine_.
Copies of Miss Nightingale's article were separately struck off, as a pamphlet (without wrapper), pp. 12. In later editions of the Dictionary the articles were revised by Florence Nightingale Boyd. Extracts from the original articles were printed on a card for use in the Salisbury Infirmary, 1902.
(107) _"Infection." By Sir J. Clarke Jervoise, Bart., with Remarks by Miss Nightingale._ Second edition. London: Vacher & Sons, 1882. Pamphlet, in blue paper wrappers, pp. 63.
Miss Nightingale's "remarks," at pp. 62, 63, were on the first edition of the pamphlet (published anonymously in 1867). They are an attack on "the germ hypothesis."
1883
(108) _From Florence Nightingale to the Probationer-Nurses in the "Nightingale Fund" Training School at St. Thomas's Hospital and to the Nurses who were formerly trained there._ May 23, 1883. Lithographed, pp. 13.
(109) _The Dumb shall speak, and the Deaf shall hear; or, the Ryot, the Zemindar, and the Government._ A Paper read at a meeting of the East India Association, and printed in its _Journal_, July 1883, pp. 163-211.
The paper was read by Mr. F. Verney, Sir Bartle Frere in the chair, on June 1. It was reprinted separately in the same year by the Association as a pamphlet (without wrapper, pp. 48).
(110) "Our Indian Stewardship." An article in the _Nineteenth Century_, August 1883, pp. 329-338.
A defence of Lord Ripon's policy. The article was largely the work of Sir William Wedderburn. "The article is an excellent one," she wrote to him (Aug. 1), "if only it had been signed by you, and not by me."
(111) "The Bengal Tenancy Bill." An article in the _Contemporary Review_, October 1883, pp. 587-602.
1884
(112) _Letter to the Nightingale Probationers_, dated July 3, 1884. Printed in the _Report of the Nightingale Fund for the year 1883_, which at p. 3 gave a report of the Annual Meeting (Lord Houghton in the chair) whereat the letter was read.
1886
(113) _To the Probationer-Nurses of the Nightingale Fund School at St. Thomas's Hospital. Florence Nightingale. New Year's Day, 1886._ (_For Private Use only._) Small pamphlet (cream paper wrappers), pp. 16.
(114) _Florence Nightingale to Surgeon-Major G. J. H. Evatt._ A fly-leaf, so entitled, printed in connection with the "Woolwich Election, 1886."
The letter, dated June 24, 1886, commends the candidature of Surgeon-Major Evatt on the ground of his administrative experience and energy in "vital matters of social, sanitary, and general interest." He stood as a Liberal and was not elected.
1887
(115) _Village Sanitation in India._ A letter, dated February 22, 1887, to the Joint Secretaries of the Bombay Presidency Association. Quarto, pp. 3.
A similar letter was addressed to the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha.
(116) _Note sull' Assistenza ai Malati di Miss Nightingale Tradotto e Abbreviate da A. C._ [_Comparetti_]. Lucca: Topografia Giusti, 1887.
1888
(117) _To the Probationer-Nurses in the Nightingale Fund School at St. Thomas's Hospital from Florence Nightingale, May 16, 1888. For Private Use only._ Lithographed, pp. 20 (with yellow wrappers).
(118) _Sanitation in India._ "Letter from Miss Nightingale," dated "London, July 27, 1888," published in the _Journal of the Public Health Society_ [of Calcutta], October 1888, vol. iv. pp. 63-65.
1889
(119) _Village Sanitation in India._ A letter, dated February 20, 1889, to the Joint Secretaries of the Bombay Presidency Association. Quarto, pp. 3.
The same letter, similarly printed, was also addressed "To the Joint Secretaries of the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha." The letter was for the most part a critical exposition of the Bombay Village Sanitation Bill; it was noticed in the _Bombay Gazette Summary_, April 5, 1889.
1890
(120) _Sketch of the History and Progress of District Nursing. By William Rathbone. With an Introduction by Florence Nightingale._ Dedicated by permission to Her Majesty. London: Macmillan, 1890.
The Introduction occupies pp. ix.-xxii.
1891
(121) Message to Nurses at Liverpool. Printed at p. 11 of the _Sixty-third Annual Report of the Royal Southern Hospital_. Liverpool: 1904.
The message was sent in February 1891 on the occasion of the opening of the Nursing Home. One of the wards of the Hospital is named after Miss Nightingale.
(122) _Sanitation in India._ A letter, dated February 16, 1891, to the Joint Secretaries of the Bombay Presidency Association. Quarto, pp. 3.
The same letter was also addressed to the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha.
(123) _Sanitation in India._ A letter, dated December 1891, to Rao Bahadur Vishnu Moreshwar Bhide, Chairman, Poona Sarvajanik Sabha. Quarto, pp. 3.
These open letters, intended for "distribution to local associations and influential Indian gentlemen," attracted much notice in the Indian press. A selection of press comments upon them was printed in the _Indian Spectator_, July 10, 1892. There was also a notice of No. 121 in the _Times_ of January 10, 1892, in the weekly review of "Indian Affairs" by Sir W. W. Hunter. "Miss Nightingale's letter forms," he said, "a brief, but practical code of village sanitation."
1892
(124) _Village Sanitation in India._ Letter from Miss Nightingale to the Secretary of State for India (Lord Cross), dated March 1892, enclosing a Memorandum signed by members of the India Committee of the International Congress on Hygiene and Demography (1891). Printed in _India_, July 15, 1892, pp. 200.
See Vol. II. p. 379.
(125) Introduction to _Behramji M. Malabari: a Biographical Sketch_, by Dayaram Gidumal. London: Fisher Unwin, 1892.
Miss Nightingale's Introduction occupies pp. v.-viii.
(126) Health at Home. Letters in the _Report of the Training of Rural Health Missioners and of their Village Lecturing and Visiting under the Bucks County Council: 1891-92._ Winslow: E. J. French. Pamphlet, pp. 50.
There are three letters by F. N.: (1) a letter (dated Oct. 17, 1891) to Mr. Frederick Verney on the importance of training rural health missioners; (2) a letter, dated October 1892, to "Village Mothers," pp. 14, 15; (3) a letter, dated November 21, 1892, reporting on the experiment and urging its continuance (see Vol. II. p. 384).
(127) _Cholera: What we can do?_ By George H. De'Ath, medical officer of health for Buckingham. Buckingham: Walford & Son. Pamphlet, in green paper wrappers, pp. 19.
The last pages (18, 19) were contributed by F. N. An appeal to fight against cholera by preventive sanitation; "for if cholera does not come we are winning the day against fever," etc.
(128) "Hospitals." Article in _Chambers' Encyclopædia_, new edition, revised and partly re-written by F. N.
(129) _Royal British Nurses' Association._ "Remarks by Miss Nightingale on a Register for Nurses."
This was part of the case against the Royal Charter argued before the Privy Council in November 1892. Among Miss Nightingale's Papers are the original MS., a typed copy, and a MS. copy on brief paper made by the Solicitors for the opponents. I include it in the Bibliography, assuming that it was printed for the Privy Council.
(130) "Mrs. Wardroper." A memorial notice of the late matron of St. Thomas's Hospital, printed simultaneously, December 31, 1892, in the _British Medical Journal_ (under the title "The Reform of Sick Nursing and the late Mrs. Wardroper") and in the _Hospital Nursing Supplement_ ("A Nursing Worthy").
For extracts, see Vol. I. p. 458.
1893
(131) "Sick-Nursing and Health-Nursing." A Paper in pp. 184-205 of _Woman's Mission: a Series of Congress Papers on the Philanthropic Work of Women by Eminent Writers_. Arranged and edited, with a Preface and Notes, by the Baroness Burdett-Coutts. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co., 1893. A publication issued by the Royal British Commission, Chicago Exhibition, 1893.
The main part of the paper occupies pp. 184-199. Then comes an "Addendum" on District Nursing, with an account of the Bucks "Health-Nurse Training" system and "Syllabus of Lectures to Health Missioners."
(132) "Health Lectures for Indian Villages." A Paper printed in _India_, October 1893, pp. 305-306.
1894
(133) "Health and Local Government." An Introduction (pp. i.-ii.) to _Report of the Bucks Sanitary Conference, October 1894_. Aylesbury: Poulton & Co.
Miss Nightingale's Introduction was also separately printed as a small fly-leaf, pp. 2, headed _Health and Local Government, by Florence Nightingale_.
(134) _Health Teaching in Towns and Villages. Rural Hygiene. By Florence Nightingale._ London: Spottiswoode & Co., 1894.
A pamphlet, pp. 27. Reprinted from a Paper read at the Conference of Women Workers held at Leeds, November 7 to 10, 1893. The Paper is also printed in the _Official Report of the Conference_ (Leeds, 1894), pp. 46-60.
(135) _Village Sanitation in India._ A Paper for the Tropical Section of the 8th International Congress of Hygiene and Demography at Budapest. A pamphlet (without wrappers), pp. 8; signed "Florence Nightingale. London: August 20th, 1894."
The "Memorandum" of 1892 (No. 122) was reprinted as an Appendix.
1895
(136) _Birds._ A letter, dated Feb. 4, 1895, to "Uncle Toby" of the Dicky Bird Society, printed in the _Newcastle Chronicle's_ Weekly Supplement, February 16.
1896
(137) "A Few Lines to Workhouse Nurses." A Supplement (pp. 53-57) to _Agnes Jones; or, She hath done what she could_. By Mrs. Roundell, London: Bickers & Sons, 1896.
A few sentences from Miss Nightingale's Supplement are reproduced in facsimile as a frontispiece to this little book.
(138) "Health Missioners for Rural India." An article in _India_, December 1896, pp. 359-360.
1897
(139) _To the Nurses and Probationers trained under the "Nightingale Fund," June 1897._ Octavo, pp. 17 (in plain white wrappers).
1898
(140) _A Letter from Florence Nightingale about the Victorian Order of Nurses in Canada._ A small pamphlet, in white paper wrappers, pp. 4.
The letter, to Lady Aberdeen, is dated May 5, 1898. It is stated at the end of the pamphlet, "The original of this letter is written entirely by Miss Florence Nightingale's own hand." There is no imprint.
1899
(141) The Soldier in War-time. Letter to the Balaclava Survivors, printed in the _Daily Graphic_, October 26, 1899.
This letter uses some of the phrases quoted at Vol. II. p. 411.
1900
(142) _To all our Nurses, May 28, 1900._ Lithographed, pp. 12.
Miss Nightingale's hand-writing in this letter shows little sign of age. It is bold and clear.
(143) _Letter to the Lord Provost of Edinburgh._ Printed at p. 26 of an official and illustrated account, compiled by A. A. Gordon, of the _Edinburgh and East of Scotland Hospital for South Africa_ (Blackwood & Sons).
For the occasion of this letter, see Vol. II. p. 411.
1901
(144) _In Memory of Robert James Baron Wantage, V.C., K.C.B._ A privately printed memoir, containing on p. 53 a letter from Miss Nightingale.
The letter, dated June 12, 1901, includes these words: "Lord Wantage is a great loss, but he has been a great gain. And what he has gained for us can never be lost. It is my experience that such men exist only in England: a man who had everything (to use the common phrase) which this world could give him, but who worked as hard, and to the last, as the poorest able man--and all for others--for the common weal. A man whose life makes a great difference for all: _all_ are better off than if he had not lived; and this betterness is for always, it does not die with him--that is the true estimate of a great life." These words were quoted at the head of an article on Lord Wantage in the _Edinburgh Review_, January 1902.
(145) _Appeal on behalf of the Invalid Hospital for Gentlewomen, Harley Street._ Letter in the _Times_, November 12, 1901.
Reprinted in the Annual Reports of the Institution for 1902, 1903, etc. The letter, though signed Florence Nightingale, bears no mark of her style, and is not quite accurate in its account of her early association with the hospital (see Vol. I. p. 133). The letter is said to have been written for Miss Nightingale by Mrs. Dicey. The institution, re-christened "The Florence Nightingale Hospital for Gentlewomen," is now in new quarters in Lisson-grove.
1905
(146) _New Year's Message from Florence Nightingale to the Nursing Staff of the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, January 1905._ Printed on a card.
"I pray with all my heart that God will bless the work abundantly in Edinburgh Infirmary, and enable the workers to do it for Him, in the love which we owe Him."
(147) _Message to the Crimean Veterans._ Printed at p. 47 of a pamphlet entitled _The Crimean and Indian Mutiny Veterans' Association, Bristol_. Bristol, 1905.
One of the last messages sent by Miss Nightingale. The anniversaries celebrated by the Veterans, she says, "have always been marked days to her also."
APPENDIX B
LIST OF SOME WRITINGS ABOUT MISS FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
(_For the limited scope of this list, see the Preface_, Vol. I. p. viii.)
1854
(1) Letter in the _Times_, October 24, by "One who has known Miss Nightingale."
(2) "Who is 'Mrs.' Nightingale?" A biographical article in the _Examiner_ (reprinted in the _Times_, October 30).
These two communications fixed the popular idea of Miss Nightingale. For the article in the _Examiner_, see Vol. I. p. 164.
1855
(3) Bracebridge. "British Hospitals in the East." Report in the _Times_, October 16, 1855, of a lecture given at Coventry by Mr. C. H. Bracebridge, supplemented by a letter from him in the _Times_, October 20.
For a reference to this lecture, see Vol. I. p. 287. The report contains many particulars of Miss Nightingale's services and difficulties.
(4) _The "Record" and Miss Nightingale. Remarks on two Articles contained in the "Record" of February 1, and March 8, 1855._ London: Nisbet, 1855.
This pamphlet throws light on the _odium theologicum_, see Vol. I. Part II. Ch. VIII. Miss N. was denounced as "a semi-Romish Nun," an "Anglican Papist."
(5) Roebuck Committee. _Reports from the Select Committee on the Army before Sebastopol_, March 1, 1853-June 18, 1855.
For this Report, see Vol. I. p. 176.
(6) S. G. O. _Scutari and its Hospitals._ By the Hon. and Rev. Sydney Godolphin Osborne. London: Dickinson Brothers, 1855.
This contains the best and fullest account by an eye-witness of Miss Nightingale at work at Scutari.
1855-57
(7) _Various Broadsheets, Popular Songs, etc._, about Miss Nightingale (see Vol. I. p. 266). A collection of them is preserved amongst her Papers. The following is the text of the most popular of the Songs:--
On a dark lonely night on the Crimea's dread shore There had been bloodshed and strife on the morning before; The dead and the dying lay bleeding around, Some crying for help--there was none to be found. Now God in His mercy He pitied their cries, And the soldiers so cheerful in the morning do arise. _So forward, my lads, may your hearts never fail You are cheered by the presence of a sweet Nightingale._
Now God sent this woman to succour the brave; Some thousands she saved from an untimely grave. Her eyes beam with pleasure, she's beauteous and good, The wants of the wounded are by her understood. With fever some brought in, with life almost gone, Some with dismantled limbs, some to fragments are torn. _But they keep up their spirits, their hearts never fail, They are cheered by the presence of a sweet Nightingale._
Her heart it means good, for no bounty she'll take, She'd lay down her life for the poor soldier's sake; She prays for the dying, she gives peace to the brave, She feels that a soldier has a soul to be saved. The wounded they love her as it has been seen, She's the soldier's preserver, they call her their Queen. _May God give her strength, and her heart never fail, One of Heaven's best gifts is Miss Nightingale._
The wives of the wounded, how thankful are they! Their husbands are cared for by night and by day. Whatever her country, this gift God has given, And the soldiers they say she's an Angel from Heaven. All praise to this woman, and deny it who can That woman was sent as a comfort to man: _Let's hope that no more against them you'll rail, Treat them well, and they'll prove like Miss Nightingale._
1856
(8) _Eastern Hospitals and English Nurses; the Narrative of Twelve Months' Experience in the Hospitals of Koulali and Scutari._ By a Lady Volunteer. 2 vols. 1856; 3rd ed. in one vol. 1857.
The author, Miss Fanny M. Taylor, was a member of the second party of nurses, which went out with Miss Stanley.
(9) _Sayah; or, the Courier to the East._ [By H. Byng Hall.] London: Chapman & Hall.
Contains a general tribute to Miss Nightingale, from one who visited Scutari.
(10) McNeill. Speech by Sir John McNeill at the Crimean Banquet at Edinburgh, reported verbatim in the _Daily News_, Nov. 3, 1856.
An excellent appreciation of Miss Nightingale, with many particulars of her work at Scutari.
(11) _The Nightingale Fund. Report of Proceedings at a Public Meeting held in London, on Nov. 29, 1855.... Offices of the Nightingale Fund, 5 Parliament Street._ Pamphlet, in yellow wrappers, pp. 36 + 16 + 24.
Pages 1-36, report of the Public Meeting; pp. 1-16, "Appendix." Extracts from Leading Articles in the London Journals, etc.; pp. 1-24, "Addenda," Report of Public Meetings in the provinces, 1856, etc.
_Circ._ 1856
(12) _The Prophecy of Ada, late Countess of Lovelace, on her friend Miss Florence Nightingale._ Written in the year 1851. Music composed by W. H. Montgomery. London: G. Emery & Co. [no date].
The poem--"A Portrait: taken from Life"--is printed on the back of the song (see Vol. I. pp. 38, 142).
1857
(13) Davis. _The Autobiography of Elizabeth Davis, a Balaclava Nurse._ Edited by Jane Williams. 2 vols. Hurst & Blackett, 1857.
Davis was one of Miss Stanley's party. She served as cook in the General Hospital at Balaclava. Though the work of an obviously uneducated and prejudiced woman, the book is useful as illustrating the intrigue against Miss Nightingale in the Crimea, and as reflecting the hostility which her strict discipline excited among some of the nurses. The book is not to be trusted. Miss Nightingale made very pungent remarks on this old woman's romancing about Lord Raglan and others.
(14) Pincoffs. _Experiences of a Civilian in Eastern Military Hospitals...._ By Peter Pincoffs, M.D., late Civil Physician to the Scutari Hospitals. William & Norgate.
Chapter vii., "The Providence of the Barrack Hospital," gives an account of Miss N.'s work. This is one of the most important authorities, being the testimony of an eye-witness and a medical man; but Dr. Pincoffs was not at Scutari till the middle of 1855.
(15) _Soyer's Culinary Campaign: being Historical Reminiscences of the Late War._ By Alexis Soyer. London: G. Routledge, 1857.
Also of much value, as the record of an eye-witness, and a participator in Miss Nightingale's work.
1860
(16) An unpublished MS., found among Miss Nightingale's papers, written by "R. R.," a Private in the 68th Light Infantry, giving an account of his attendance upon her. He had been invalided from the Crimea, and in January 1855 Mr. Bracebridge selected him for duty as messenger to Miss Nightingale: Vol. I. p. 256.
1861
(17) "What Florence Nightingale has done and is doing." An article [by Mrs. S. C. Hall] in the _St. James's Magazine_, April 1861.
Gives an account, _inter alia_, of the early days of the "Nightingale Nurses."
1862
(18) _Experiences of an English Sister of Mercy._ By Margaret Goodman. Smith, Elder & Co., 1862.
Miss Goodman was one of the "Sellonites" (see Vol. I. p. 159); she gives a somewhat detailed account of the nursing.
(19) _Statement of the Appropriation of the Nightingale Fund._ Reprinted, with slight additions, from a Paper read by Sir Joshua Jebb at the meeting of the Social Science Association, 1862. Pamphlet, 8vo, pp. 12.
Various other publications of the kind have been consulted--such as: _Deed of Trust and other Deeds relating to the Nightingale Fund_ (London: Blades, 1878); and the _Annual Reports of the Committee of the Council of the Nightingale Fund_ from 1862 to 1910.
(20) _A Trip to Constantinople ... and Miss Nightingale at Scutari Hospital._ By L. Dunne. London: J. Sheppard.
The author was late Foreman of H.M. Stores at the Bosphorus.
1863
(21) Hornby. _Constantinople during the Crimean War._ By Lady Hornby. With Illustrations in Chromo-Lithography. London: Bentley, 1863.
Contains a few personal impressions of F. N. (see Vol. I. pp. 285, 296). Lady Hornby was wife of Sir Edmund Grimani Hornby, H.M. British Commissioner to Turkey during the Crimean war.
1864
(22) _A Book of Golden Deeds._ [By Charlotte M. Yonge.] Macmillan, 1864.
This book, which became very widely popular, had on its title-page a reproduction of the statuette of the Lady with the Lamp, and a reference to Miss Nightingale in its Preface.
(23) _A Woman's Example, and a Nation's Work: A Tribute to Florence Nightingale._ London: William Ridgway, 1864.
An account of the work of the United States Sanitary Commission (1861), inspired by American women. "All that is herein chronicled," says the author in a Dedication to Florence Nightingale, "you have a right to claim as the result of your own work" (see Vol. II. p. 9).
1865
(24) _Florence Nightingale. A Lecture delivered in the Theatre of the Medical College, November 9, 1865._ By Major G. B. Malleson. Calcutta, 1865.
1874
(25) _Thomas Grant, First_ [Roman Catholic] _Bishop of Southwark._ By Grace Ramsay [pseudonym of Kathleen O'Meara]. Smith, Elder & Co., 1874.
Chapter vii. gives a full account of the mission of the Bermondsey Nuns under Miss Nightingale.
1874-80
(26) _Life of the Prince Consort._ By Sir Theodore Martin. 5 vols. Smith, Elder & Co.
The references to Miss Nightingale are in vol. iii.
1880
(27) _The Invasion of the Crimea._ By A. W. Kinglake. Vol. vi. "The Winter Troubles." Blackwood & Sons, 1880.
Chapter xi. is mainly devoted to an account of "The Lady-in-Chief" (Miss Nightingale).
1881
(28) _Narrative of Personal Experiences and Impressions during a Residence on the Bosphorus throughout the Crimean War._ By Lady Alicia Blackwood. London: Hatchard, 1881.
The narrative of one of Miss Nightingale's helpers (see Vol. I. p. 197).
1886
(29) _Life and Work of the 7th Earl of Shaftesbury._ By Edwin Hodder. 3 vols. (1886), popular ed. 1 vol. (1887).
This contains some references to the Crimean war, pp. 503 _seq._, and letters from F. N., 505, 581.
1887
(30) Mohl. _Letters and Recollections of Julius and Mary Mohl._ By M. C. M. Simpson. Kegan, Paul & Co., 1887.
Several references to Miss Nightingale ("F----"); also Lady Verney's recollections, cited at Vol. I. p. 21.
1895
(31) _Das Rote Kreuz_, No. 23, 1895. Published at Bern. At pp. 206-209 an article by Dr. Jordy, of Bern, on "Miss Florence Nightingale, the First Pioneer of the Red Cross," with a letter from her dated September 4, 1872.
The letter was of thanks for a Paper read by M. Dunant in London on the work of the Red Cross (see Vol. II. p. 205).
(32) _The Life and Correspondence of Sir Bartle Frere._ By John Martineau. 2 vols. John Murray, 1895.
Contains some letters from Miss Nightingale.
(33) _The Story of the Highland Brigade in the Crimea._ Founded on letters written 1854-56 by Lieut.-Colonel Anthony Stirling. Remington & Co., 1895.
The importance of this book for an understanding of Miss Nightingale's work is pointed out at Vol. I. p. 167.
1897
(34) _Life and Letters of Benjamin Jowett._ By Evelyn Abbott and Lewis Campbell. 2 vols. John Murray, 1897.
This contains extracts from a large number of Mr. Jowett's letters to Miss Nightingale (though not so stated), as well as occasional references to her.
1900
(35) Howe. _Reminiscences: 1819-1899._ By Julia Ward Howe.
Quoted, Vol. I. pp. 37, 43.
1904
(36) Aloysius. _Memories of the Crimea._ By Sister Mary Aloysius [Doyle]. London: Burns & Oates, 1904.
Personal recollections by one of the Irish Nuns, who went out, under Mrs. Bridgeman, with Miss Stanley's party.
(37) _Emma Darwin, Wife of Charles Darwin: A Century of Family Letters._ By her daughter, H. E. Litchfield. 2 vols. Privately printed, 1904.
Quoted Vol. I. pp. 15, 96, 446.
(38) Tooley. _The Life of Florence Nightingale._ By Sarah A. Tooley. London: S. H. Bousfield & Co., 1904.
Contains several letters, recollections by Crimean veterans, etc.
1905
(39) _William Rathbone: a Memoir._ By Eleanor F. Rathbone. Macmillan, 1905.
Numerous references to Miss Nightingale, and accounts of undertakings in which she was concerned with Mr. Rathbone.
1906
(40) Stanmore. _Sidney Herbert, Lord Herbert of Lea._ A Memoir. By Lord Stanmore. 2 vols. John Murray, 1906.
Important correspondence between Sidney Herbert and Miss Nightingale is here given.
1907
(41) _The History of Nursing._ By M. Adelaide Nutting and Lavinia L. Dock. 2 vols. G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1907.
An excellent account of "the evolution of nursing systems"; with a just appreciation of Miss Nightingale, and copious extracts from her writings.
(42) _The Letters of Queen Victoria, 1837-1861._ Edited by A. C. Benson and Viscount Esher. 3 vols. John Murray.
Quoted, or referred to, at Vol. I. pp. 217, 274.
1908
(43) Panmure. _The Panmure Papers_.... Edited by Sir George Douglas and Sir George Dalhousie Ramsay. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1908. 2 vols.
This collection, though it does not throw any light on the most important of Miss Nightingale's dealings with Lord Panmure, contains several letters of interest.
(44) _St. John's House. A Brief Record of Sixty Years' Work, 1848-1908._ 12 Queen Square, Bloomsbury, London, W.C. A pamphlet.
Contains some account of the recruiting of nurses for the Crimean war, and two letters from Miss Nightingale.
1910
(45) Bibliography. _An Exhibit of some of the Writings of Florence Nightingale in the Educational Museum of Teachers' College, Columbia University, May 16 to June 1, 1910._ Pamphlet, pp. 8.
This catalogue contains (1) a brief "Biographical Note"; (2) a catalogue of the Writings by F. N. exhibited; (3) a short catalogue of "Writings about Florence Nightingale."
(46) _Exercises in Commemoration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Founding by Florence Nightingale of the First Training School. Carnegie Hall, the City of New York, Wednesday, May 18th, 1910._ A pamphlet, pp. 24.
A report of various addresses, by Mr. Choate and others.
(47) _Florence Nightingale: a Force in Medicine._ Address at the Graduated Exercises of the Nurses Training School of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, May 19, 1910. By Henry M. Hurd, M.D., Baltimore, 1910.
An excellent appreciation of Miss Nightingale's work as the founder of modern nursing, as sanitarian, and as army reformer.
(48) _The Letters of John Stuart Mill._ Edited by Hugh S. R. Elliot. 2 vols. Longmans & Co., 1910.
Mill's Letters of 1860 (see Vol. I. p. 471) are at vol. i. pp. 238-242; his letter of December 31, 1867 (see above, p. 217), is at vol. ii. pp. 100-105.
(49) _Memoir of the Rt. Hon. Sir John McNeill, G.C.B., and of his second wife, Elizabeth Wilson._ By their Granddaughter. John Murray, 1910.
This contains some letters from Miss Nightingale.
(50) August 15, and later. _Obituary Notices_ of Miss Nightingale in the newspapers. Those written with most knowledge were in the _Times_ and the _Manchester Guardian_.
(51) "Some Personal Recollections of Miss Florence Nightingale," by "Lamorna" [with a series of letters from F. N.]. In the _Nursing Mirror and Midwives' Journal_, September 3, 1910, pp. 347-349.
(52) "Florence Nightingale, O.M., R.R.C." By Major C. E. Pollock, Royal Army Medical Corps. Reprinted from the _Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps_, October 1910. London: John Bale, Sons & Danielsson.
Contains several official documents (now at the Public Record Office) relating to Miss Nightingale's Crimean mission (see Vol. I. p. 188).
1911
(53) _The Life and Letters of Sir John Hall, M.D., K.C.B., F.R.C.S._ By S. M. Mitra. Longmans, Green & Co., 1911.
Of considerable interest (see Vol. I. p. 169).
1912
(54) _Eine Heldin unter Helden (Florence Nightingale)._ Von J. Friz. Stuttgart, 1912. Verlag der Evang. Gesellschaft.
From this book I have quoted at Vol. I. p. 92 _n._ It also contains a few letters from Miss Nightingale--chiefly to the Fliedner family.
No date
(55) Wintle. _The Story of Florence Nightingale._ By W. J. Wintle. London: Sunday School Union.
Contains some reminiscences by Crimean veterans.
APPENDIX C
LIST OF PORTRAITS, PHOTOGRAPHS, ETC., OF FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Authentic likenesses of Miss Nightingale, except in her earlier years, are very few. When she had become famous, she shrank from publicity. She was very seldom photographed, and as a general rule she refused to sit for her portrait. The demand for portraits of her was great, and the demand created a supply. This list includes, however, with one probable exception (No. 5), only such portraits as are authentic.
(1) 1820-1. Water-colour drawing of F. N. as a baby on the knee of her Italian nurse Balia. At Lea Hurst.
(2) 1828. Water-colour drawing of Mrs. Nightingale with her two daughters (Florence is on her mother's knee). In the possession of Mrs. Leonard Cunliffe, daughter of Sir Douglas Galton. Reproduced as frontispiece to Vol. I.
(3) 1828. Water-colour drawing of Mrs. Nightingale with her two daughters, by A. E. Chalon. At Claydon. (Similar to, but not identical in costume with, the foregoing.)
(4) 1839. Water-colour portrait, by William White, of Florence Nightingale (sitting) and her sister, Parthenope, standing. In possession of Mrs. Coltman.
(5) _circ._ 1840. Small oil portrait by Augustus L. Egg, R.A. In the National Portrait Gallery (No. 1578). This picture was bought from Mrs. Salis Schwabe (an admirer of Miss Nightingale with whom she had a slight acquaintance) by Mr. William Rathbone, with a view to its presentation to the nation; and was given to the Portrait Gallery in 1910 by Mrs. Rathbone in accordance with her husband's desire. In view of these facts, and as the attribution to Egg agrees with dates, the Trustees accepted the portrait as authentic. Miss Nightingale's family, however, doubt whether it is so. There is no general resemblance. The face is plump, and all other portraits at that age show a thin face. The narrow ridge of F. N.'s nose is not given. The chestnut colour of the hair in the portrait is not true to life. The eyebrows are unlike. The expression is most uncharacteristic. All other early portraits, even quite slight ones, are remarkable for a peculiarly contained, self-possessed expression. The dress and ornaments are out of character; and Miss Nightingale never wore ear-rings. If the portrait be indeed of her, and by a practised artist, it can hardly have been made from the life.
(6) _c._ 1845. Pencil sketch by Miss Hilary Bonham Carter. In the possession of Miss B. A. Clough. Reproduced in Vol. I. p. 38.
(7) _c._ 1850. Full-length, standing beside a pedestal, on which stands an owl. Engraved by F. Holl from a pencil drawing by Parthenope Nightingale (Lady Verney). Reproduced in the _Illustrated Times_, February 2, 1856, and as frontispiece to the _Victoria Miniature Almanack and Fashionable Remembrancer_ for 1857.
(8) _c._ 1852. Large pencil head, copied about 1880 by J. R. Parsons from a drawing by Lady Eastlake. The original was in bad condition and is believed to have been destroyed. The copy is at Lea Hurst.
(9) _c._ 1852. Photograph, three-quarter face, almost profile; three-quarter length, seated, reading. A striped scarf. Taken in Germany. At Claydon.
(10) 1854. Photograph, seated, looking down, by Kilburn, then 222 Regent Street. Taken during Miss Nightingale's time at Harley Street. There were two positions as mentioned in the letter of Mrs. Sutherland noticed under No. 15, "looking down in one, in the other the eyes raised." These are the photographs which some of Miss Nightingale's family considered the best.
(11) 1854. A sketch; seated, reading a book; white flower in her hair; red cross on her neck. "H. M. B. C. del." [Miss Hilary Bonham Carter, whose initials, however, were J. H. B. C.] "Published November 28, 1854, by P. and D. Colnaghi: Colnaghi's Authentic Series." There was also published an uncoloured print of the same drawing, which in turn was adapted in various forms--as in a print published by W. Bemrose & Sons, lettered "Miss Florence Nightingale, the Good Samaritan of Derbyshire, reading the accounts of the dreadful sufferings of our brave wounded soldiers," etc., etc.
(12) 1855. Miss Florence Nightingale and Mr. Bracebridge on Cathcart's Hill, May 8, 1855. Lithographed by Day, and published. This drawing was made up by Lady Verney and Lady Anne Blunt from a slight sketch by Mrs. Bracebridge. Many other prints, still further removed from life, were published--such as: "Florence Nightingale in the Military Hospital at Scutari" (a coloured print published, March 16, 1855, by Read & Co., 10 Johnson's Court, Fleet Street); "Miss Florence Nightingale, the Soldiers' Friend" (drawn by Elston, published May 1, 1856, by Ellis, 51 Jewin Street, City); and "The Great Military Hospital at Scutari" (published, with a sentimental legend, Feb. 24, 1855, by Stannard & Dixon, 7 Poland Street).
(13) 1856. Oil picture of Miss Nightingale receiving the wounded at Scutari, by Jerry Barratt. Engraved as "Florence Nightingale at Scutari, A Mission of Mercy," by S. Bellin. The picture is in the possession of Sir Percy Bates, Bart.
(14) 1856. Photograph, three-quarter length, three-quarter face, standing, by The London Stereoscopic Co. This photograph was taken at the request of Queen Victoria, and has often been reproduced.
(15) 1856. Plaster statuette; standing, with a lamp in the right hand, by Miss Hilary Bonham Carter. At Lea Hurst. There are several replicas, or versions with some differences. One is at St. Thomas's Hospital; another, in Mr. Henry Bonham Carter's possession; another, at Claydon. A second version was, by advice of Mr. Woolner, R.A., made less full in the skirt. A small version, on a reduced scale (about 15 in. high), was also made, and is very widespread. There is a letter to Miss Nightingale from Mrs. Sutherland (June 1866), in which she says: "There are photographs of the statuette which (though it seems odd to say so) are more characteristic than the actual portraits, none of which but the 'owl' one [No. 7], which you deprecate, give a real idea of what you were ten years ago."
(16) _c._ 1858. Photograph, full-length, full face, standing, by Goodman. This was generally considered by Miss Nightingale's family to be the best likeness; reproduced in Vol. I. p. 394.
(17) 1862. Marble bust, by Sir John Steell. This bust, presented to Miss Nightingale by the non-commissioned officers and men of the British Army, has been placed in the Museum of the Royal United Service Institution in accordance with the provisions of her will. There is a replica at Lea Hurst.
(18) 1864. Commencement of a head by G. F. Watts, R.A. Miss Nightingale was persuaded by Sir Harry Verney to receive Mr. Watts on one or two occasions, who made a beginning only of a portrait. It is very slight, and Mr. Watts regarded it as so far a failure. He hoped to be able to resume the work, but abandoned the idea when Sir William Richmond made a portrait. The unfinished canvas is at Limnerslease.
(19) 1887. Oil portrait, half-length, by Sir W. B. Richmond, R.A. At Claydon. Reproduced as frontispiece to this volume. 1887 was the year of the final sittings; the portrait was begun at an earlier date.
(20) _c._ 1890. Photograph, side face, in veil, by Colonel G. Lloyd Verney.
(21) 1891. Photograph, three-quarter length, seated on a couch, full face, by S. G. Payne & Son, Aylesbury. Taken at Claydon.
(22) 1906. Two photographs of Miss Nightingale in her room; by Miss E. F. Bosanquet. One of these, enlarged, is reproduced above, p. 306.
(23) 1907. Two water-colour drawings (and a replica), by Miss F. Amicia de Biden Footner. One is reproduced above, p. 404. These drawings of Miss Nightingale in her room at South Street are in possession of various members of the family.
(24) 1908. Chalk-drawing, by Countess Feodora Gleichen. At Windsor, made (from life) by command of King Edward VII. for a collection of portraits of members of the Order of Merit.
INDEX
Abercromby, James (Lord Dunfermline), i. 25 Aberdeen, 4th Earl of, government of, defeated, i. 217 Aberdeen, Countess of, ii. 457 Aborigines, protection of, ii. 78-80 Abu-Simbel, i. 85 Acland, Sir H. W., ii. 318, 357 Adams, General, i. 235 Adams, John Couch, i. 65 Administration _versus_ politics, ii. 382, 392 Adshead, Joseph, i. 423, 424 Aeschylus, ii. 229, 390 African exploration, ii. 315 Aga Khan, ii. 405, 428 Agincourt, ii. 201 Agrippa, Henry Cornelius, i. 226 Air, curative effects of, i. 419, ii. 118 Airey, General Sir Richard (Lord Airey), i. 357, 437, ii. 65, 73 Aitchison, Sir Charles, _Lord Lawrence_, ii. 45 Aitken, Sir W., M.D., i. 390, 391 Albert, Prince Consort: playing billiards, i. 37; designs jewel for F. N., i. 274; business-like capacity, i. 322; conversations with F. N. at Balmoral, i. 324, 326; opinion of F. N., i. 324; letter to F. N. (1858), i. 384; and the Queen's Proclamation to India (1858), ii. 324; correspondence with F. N., on a Lisbon Hospital, i. 421, 422; on St. Thomas's Hospital, i. 425, 426; death of, ii. 10, 26; F. N.'s appreciation of, ii. 10, 91 Alcock, Sir Rutherford, ii. 355 Aldershot Camp: Divisional reading-room, i. 351; exhibition of soldiers' trades, ii. 76; School of Cookery, i. 389, 398; Soldiers' Home, etc., ii. 5, 76; training at, i. 331 Alexander, Dr. Thomas, i. 328, 330, 331, 356, 364, 365, 372, 379, 394, 494, ii. 14, 16, 19, 338, 442; death of, i. 379 Alexandra, Queen (Princess of Wales), ii. 347, 348, 420 Alexandria, i. 87, 417 Alfred, Prince (Duke of Edinburgh), ii. 192 Algeria, sanitation in, ii. 110, 111, 158 Alice, Princess, of Hesse-Darmstadt, ii. 116, 187 Allen, C. H., _Life of General Gordon_, ii. 351 Allen, Fanny, i. 15, 96 Alma, battle of the, i. 145, 146, 205 Aloysius, Sister Mary, ii. 464 Ambler, Surgeon-Major Vincent, ii. 334 America, fame of F. N. in, ii. 419, 421, 451 American Civil War: and development of nursing, i. 441; F. N. sends reports, etc., to Washington, ii. 8; influence of her Crimean example, ii. 8, 9 _n._, 462 Ampère, J. J. Antoine, i. 19 _Amrita Bazar Patrika_, ii. 27 _n._ Anderson, Dr., i. 258 Anderson, Sir H., ii. 152, 153 Angels: "ministering," so called, ii. 263; the real, ii. 403, 413; "without hands," i. 246 Anglo-Russian relations in Asia, ii. 156 Anglo-Saxon character, i. 424 Apollo Belvedere, i. 70 Apothecaries' Warrant, ii. 70 Appointments Boards, ii. 259 Argyll, 8th Duke of, i. 269 Aristotle, ii. 317 Army, mortality at home (1857), i. 361, 376; reduced by F. N.'s and S. Herbert's reforms, i. 397-8, ii. 174 Army Hospital Service, reorganized 1860, i. 396; subsequent alterations, ii. 336, 338; inquiries into (1880, 1882), ii. 328, 337; reforms in (1883, 1884), ii. 338, 341 Army Medical Department, reorganized (1859), i. 394; question of succession to Dr. A. Smith, i. 378, 379; threatened with retrenchment, ii. 173; For successive Directors-General, _see_ Smith (Andrew), Alexander (T.), Muir, Crawford Army Medical School (now Royal Army Medical College): establishment of, urged by F. N., i. 327, 330; promised but delayed, i. 378; established (1859), opened (1860) at Chatham, i. 390; F. N. drafts Regulations and nominates Professors, i. 390; befriends the Professors, i. 391; good done by, i. 391-2; F. N. as its founder, i. 392; Herbert prize medal at, ii. 8; moved to Netley (1863), ii. 67, 73; threatened (1869), ii. 173, (1876) ii. 318-19; present buildings, etc., at Millbank, i. 393 Army Medical Service: F. N.'s zeal for, ii. 67, 68; asked to mark a list of officers, ii. 74; Medical Officers' Warrant (1858), i. 394 Army Medical Statistics, i. 389 Army Sanitary Committee. _See_ Barrack Army Temperance Association, ii. 369 Arnold, Sir Edwin, _The Song Celestial_ (from the _Mahâbhârata_), ii. 242, 401, 402 Arnold, Matthew, _Literature and Dogma_, F. N. on, ii. 219 Asceticism, i. 369, ii. 140 Ashburton, 1st Baron, and Lady Ashburton, i. 35, 37 Ashburton, 2nd Baron, i. 422 Ashburton, Lady (Louisa Stewart Mackenzie, second wife of 2nd Baron), i. 35, 422, 499, 502, ii. 300, 301, 306, 314, 324, 391 Ashley, Lord. _See_ Shaftesbury Askrigg, ii. 101 Aspromonte, ii. 91 Association for the Improvement of the Infirmaries of London Workhouses, ii. 124, 134, 137 Astley's, ii. 110 Athens, F. N. at, i. 87 _seq._ Atherstone, Warwickshire, ii. 236, 237 Atonement, the, i. 486, ii. 234 Auckland, Lord (Bishop of Bath and Wells), i. 325 Auckland (N.Z.), F. N. manuscripts at, ii. 440 Augusta, Queen of Prussia, German Empress, ii. 187, 314 _n._ Aunt Hannah. _See_ Nicholson, Miss Aunt Mai. _See_ Smith, Mrs. Samuel Austen, Jane, ii. 317 Austria and the Austro-Prussian War (1866), ii. 104, 106, 119 _Autobiography of a Balaclava Nurse_, ii. 461; referred to, i. 210 _n._, 249 Avignon, Mill's house at, ii. 221, 222 Aylesbury, Bucks County Infirmary, i. 422 Aztecs, ii. 315
Babbage, Charles, i. 26 Bacillus, ii. 400 Bacteriology, i. 441 Baden, Grand Duchess (Luise) of: founds Ladies' Society for Nursing in Baden, i. 447; admiration of F. N. and letters to her, i. 447, 450, ii. 202, 314, 413; on _Notes on Nursing_, i. 450; nurses the Emperor William I., ii. 314 _n._ Baker, Mr., ii. 34, 35, 36 _n._ Baker, Sir Samuel, ii. 304, 429 Baker, General Sir W. E., ii. 152, 274 Balaclava: battle of, i. 171, 181, ii. 404; an incident of, ii. 66; arrival of wounded from, at Scutari, i. 184; British hospitals at, i. 254, 285, 449; memorial cross at, i. 294 Balfour, Arthur James, ii. 397 Balfour, Dr. T. Graham, Secretary of the Royal Commission (1857), i. 329, 330, 332, 377; works with F. N., i. 372, 435; director of Army Medical Statistics, i. 389 _n._, 432, ii. 74 Balliol College, Oxford, ii. 333, 398; _See also_ Jowett Ballot, the, i. 26 Balmoral, F. N. at, i. 324, 325, 326 Balzac, i. 486, 505, ii. 106 Barbauld, Mrs., quoted, ii. 235 Barlow, Sir Thomas, ii. 421 Barrack and Hospital Improvement Commissions and Committees-- Barrack and Hospital Improvement Commission (a Sub-Commission to advise on, and carry out, reforms recommended by the Royal Commission of 1857), i. 363, 381, 383, 388 Barracks Works Committee (appointed June 1861), i. 388-389, 405 Barracks (Mediterranean Station) Improvement Committee (1862), i. 405, ii. 7 Barracks and Hospital Improvement Commission (made a permanent body, 1862), ii. 64-65; reinforced by representatives of the India Office, to advise on Indian sanitary measures (1863), ii. 33, 42, 45, 46, 48, 51, 150; its name changed to Army Sanitary Committee (1865), ii. 65; various references, ii. 147, 149, 171, 172, 173, 178, 279; threatened, reconstituted (1890), ii. 374-5 Barracks, improvements in, i. 381, 388, 405, ii. 374 _n._, 406-7; F. N.'s proposed model, i. 374 Barratt, Jerry, picture of F. N. at Scutari, ii. 468 Barrie, Georgiana. _See_ Gonzaga, Sister Bathurst, Caroline, i. 114 Batta, violoncellist, i. 25 Baudens, L., i. 204 _n._ Bayard, the Chevalier, ii. 160 Bayard, T. F. (American Ambassador), ii. 419 Bayuda Desert, ii. 350 Bazaars, i. 80 Beatitudes, the, ii. 120, 261 Beaumont, Elie de, i. 21 Bèche, Sir H. de la, i. 38 Bedchamber Plot, i. 25 Begging letters, i. 318, 319, 496, ii. 86 _n._, 106 Bence-Jones, Dr., i. 269, 456 _n._, 457 Bengal, plants of, ii. 310 Bengal Land Question, ii. 285, 297 Bengal Social Science Association, ii. 178, 446 Bentinck, General, i. 235 Benton, Samuel, ii. 272 _n._ Berlin, F. N.'s study of hospitals at, i. 92, 417; Victoria Training School for Nurses, ii. 190 Bermondsey, R.C. Convent at, Nuns from, with F. N. during Crimean War, i. 159, 253, 304; subsequent relations with, i. 487 Bermuda, yellow fever, ii. 70 Bernays, Dr., i. 460 Best, Mr., i. 266, 281 Bethune, Mr., i. 35 Bhownaggree, Mr., ii. 378 Bible, the, F. N. on selections from, ii. 228, 229; Protestant view of, i. 77 Birds, F. N.'s fondness for, i. 9, 10, 28, ii. 309 Birdwood, Sir George, ii. 378 _Birkenhead_, loss of the, i. 316 Birkenhead Hospital, i. 423 Bismarck, Prince, ii. 105, 315 "Bison," the, i. 325; bullyable, i. 335; bullying the, i. 335, 354, ii. 30 Blachford, Lord. _See_ Rogers Blackwell, Dr. Elizabeth, i. 29, 61 Blackwood, Lady Alicia, i. 197, 198, 240; her _Experiences of the Crimean War_, ii. 463; quoted, i. 247, 260 Blackwood, Rev. Dr. J. S., i. 197 Blanchecotte, Madame, _Impressions de Femme_, ii. 315 Blue-books, i. 377, 386, 499, 500, ii. 307 Board of Survey, i. 202 Body and soul, ii. 224 Boer War, ii. 411 Bokhara, King of, ii. 156 Bologna, ii. 420 Bomba, King Ferdinand II. of Naples, ii. 90 Bombay: plague, ii. 409; sanitation in, ii. 174, 183, 281; Village Sanitation Bill, ii. 377, 378, 454 Bonham Carter, Charles, ii. 392 Bonham Carter, Miss Edith, ii. 389 Bonham Carter, Henry, i. v, 30, 280, ii. 190, 191, 200, 254, 361 _n._, 362, 363, 392, 393, 403, 413 Bonham Carter, Miss Hilary, i. 11, 29, 99, 124, 130, 431, 492, 500, 502, ii. 25 _n._; illness and death of, ii. 93, 395; portraits of F. N. by, ii. 468, 469 Bonham Carter, John (M.P. for Portsmouth), i. 29 Bonham Carter, John ("Jack," M.P. for Winchester), i. 423 Bonham Carter, Malcolm, ii. 389 Bonham Carter, Norman, ii. 389 Books, object of, ii. 233; prefaces to, i. xxiii Booth, Charles, on F. N., i. 456 Bosanquet, Miss Elizabeth, ii. 416, 469 Bossuet, i. 481 Boswell's _Johnson_, ii. 99 Bouffé (French actor), i. 34 Bowman, Sir William, M.D., i. 137, 141, 456 _n._, 457, 462; letter to F. N., i. 462 Boyd, Florence Nightingale, ii. 452 Bracebridge, Charles H.: with F. N. in Rome (1847-48), i. 69, 75, 79; with F. N. in Egypt and Greece, etc. (1849-50), i. 84; Sidney Herbert proposes that Mr. and Mrs. B. should accompany F. N. to Scutari, i. 153, 155; his sojourn at Scutari and work there, i. 173, 197, 203, 235, 241, 250, ii. 236; letters from, i. 181, 183, 186, 191, 235; S. Herbert's tribute to, i. 269; accompanies F. N. to the Crimea, i. 256; returns to England, i. 295; speech on his return, i. 213, 287, ii. 459; joins Council of Nightingale Fund, i. 456 _n._; various references, i. 67, 79, 114, 211, 284, 313, 348, ii. 260; death of, ii. 236; character of, ii. 236, 237 Bracebridge, Mrs. Charles (Selina Mills): F. N.'s affection for (1846), i. 35; tributes to (1874, etc.), ii. 236, 237, 305; with F. N. in Rome (1847-1848), i. 69, 70, 71, 73; with F. N. in Egypt, etc. (1849-50), i. 84; accompanies F. N. to Scutari and work there, i. 153, 155, 158, 163, 173, 215, 234, 236, 241, 255, 296; goes to the Crimea, i. 260; various references, i. 67, 79, 96, 112, 114, 124, 129, 141, 462, 502, ii. 89, 96, 260, 468; death of, ii. 236 Bréchard, Mère de, ii. 81 Bridgeman, Mrs. (Mother Superior of the Kinsale nuns), i. 289, 292, 293 Bright, John, i. 195 _n._, ii. 293; interview with F. N., ii. 289 Brinton, Dr. W., i. 460 British Army Scripture Readers, i. 495 British Association, meeting, 1847, i. 65; 1861, ii. 4 _n._ _British Medical Journal_, on nursing, 1854-74, i. 444 British Nurses Association, ii. 356 _seq._ Broadhead, W., and rattening, ii. 149 Brougham, Lord, i. 26, 428, ii. 396 Brown, Lieut.-Col. Clifton, i. 280 Brown, General Sir George, i. 175, 319 Brown, Joseph, M.D., i. 330, 332 Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, sees F. N., i. 118 Browning, Robert, ii. 395; quoted or referred to, _Paracelsus_, i. 43, 54, ii. 426; _Rabbi Ben Ezra_, ii. 401, 402; _Ring and the Book_, ii. 307 Bruce, Lady Augusta (Stanley), i. 124, 281, ii. 93 Bruce, H. A. (Lord Aberdare), ii. 212 Brussels, F. N.'s study of hospitals at, i. 417 Buckingham, Duke of, ii. 282 Buckingham Canal (Madras), ii. 288 _n._ Buckle, H. T., _History of Civilization_, i. 484 Buckley, R. B., _Irrigation Works of India_, ii. 297 _n._ Bucks, North, Technical Education Committee, ii. 383, 384 Budget, a Moral, ii. 218, 219 Buenos Ayres, ii. 412 Buffon, ii. 67 Bulgaria, ii. 284 Bunsen, Baron von, and family, i. 62, 63, 84, 114, ii. 441 Burdett, Sir Henry, ii. 356 _n._ Burdett-Coutts, Lady, i. 151, 499, ii. 418, 456 Bureaucracy, evils of, i. 405, 407, ii. 4, 62 Burglars, ii. 393 Burgoyne, General Sir John, i. 410 Burial Board Office, ii. 36 Burke, quoted, ii. 1, 18 Burlington Hotel, London, i. 328, 342, 380, 406, 431, 498; associations with F. N., i. 507; a domestic catastrophe at, i. 506; maids at, i. 507; F. N. leaves (Aug. 1861), i. 507; never revisits, ii. 3 Burma, annexation of, ii. 372 Business-like: Roman Catholicism, i. 424, 487; unbusiness-likeness, i. 424, 495 Butler, Mrs. Josephine, ii. 75 Butterfield, William, i. 423 Byron, Lady, i. 114, 262, 265, 266 Byron, Lord, i. 369, ii. 389 Byron of the East, the, ii. 178
"Cabal," F. N.'s, i. 313, 365 "Cabinet," F. N.'s, i. 313, 357, 367, 492, ii. 21 Cadmus, i. 32 Caird, Sir James, ii. 289, 292 _n._, 333 Caird, Mr., M.P., i. 437 Cairo, mosques, ii. 226 Calcutta, sanitary condition of, ii. 51, 52, 86, 174, 177, 181, 183, 281, 375 Cambridge, Duke of, i. 269, 273, 324, 340; F. N.'s estimate of, i. 384-385; letters to F. N., i. 384, ii. 407; opposes General Hospital at Woolwich, ii. 6; other references, ii. 5, 68; retirement, ii. 407 Campbell, Sir George, ii. 177, 285, 295, 296, 298; lectures at Oxford for F. N., ii. 334; F. N. on, ii. 274 Campbell, Lewis, ii. 399 Canadian Expedition (1861), ii. 9, 10 Candolle, A. P. de, i. 17 Canning, Lady, i. 131, 134, 140, 160, 266, 371 Cap (dog), i. 13 Cardigan, Lord, i. 291 "Cardinal," the, i. 249, 499 Cards and working-men's clubs, ii. 326 Cardwell, Edward, Viscount, ii. 29, 30, 162 _n._, 173, 212, 318 Carlyle, Mrs., i. 488 Carlyle, Thomas: on Happiness, i. 67; _Past and Present_, i. 34; on F. N.'s Papers in _Fraser's Magazine_, ii. 165, 220 Carpenter, Miss, ii. 177, 178 Carracci, ii. 294 Carter, Bonham. _See_ Bonham Carter Cassandra, i. 119, 490 Catholics and Protestants compared, i. 77. _See also_ Roman Catholicism Cats, i. 499, 504, ii. 17, 392 Cautley, Sir Proby, member of the Royal Commission on India (1859), ii. 19, 21; of the Army Sanitary Committee, ii. 33 _n._ Cavalry barracks, ii. 65 Cavour, death and last words of, i. 401, 404, 484 Cawnpore, ii. 141 Census: of 1861, F. N. and, i. 435-438; of 1861 and 1901 compared, on nurses, i. 445; Papers, how to fill in, ii. 206 _Century of Family Letters, A_, i. 15, 96, 446, ii. 464 Ceylon, barracks, ii. 70 Chadwick, Sir Edwin, i. 352, 451, 505, ii. 4, 133, 138, 222; introduces F. N. to Mill, i. 470; on F. N.'s illness, i. 492, 493 Chalon, A. E., ii. 467 Chamberlain, Joseph, ii. 407 Chamberlain, Sir Neville, ii. 369 Chambers, Robert, _Vestiges of Creation_, i. 37 Character, F. N. on, ii. 434; seldom deserved, i. xxiii Charmouth, i. 80 Chartists, i. 80 Chateaubriand, i. 20, 21, ii. 16, 425 Chatel, Madame de, ii. 235 Chatham: Fort Pitt, Medical School at, i. 390; F. N.'s inspection of hospitals at, i. 316, 349 Chaumont, Professor F. de, i. 383 Chelsea Board, i. 336, 337, 357 _n._ Chelsea Military Hospital, i. 349 Chelsea Pensioners, reminiscences of F. N., i. 235 Chewed food books, i. 486 Cheyne, T. K., ii. 229 Childers, Hugh C. E., ii. 328, 337; Queen Victoria's letters to (1882), i. 215 _n._ Children, F. N.'s interest in, ii. 305 Children's Bible, ii. 228 China, Expeditionary Force (1857), i. 340, 398 Chisholm, Mrs., i. 123 Choate, Joseph H., ii. 421 Cholera, in India, ii. 70, 344, 455; inquiry, 1869, ii. 171; in London (1854), i. 140; as a "visitation of God," i. 479 Chorlton Union Infirmary, i. 423 Christ: the Cross and, i. 486; His dogmas and those of the Church, ii. 392; the first true Mystic, ii. 233, 243; Italian pictures of, ii. 294; not an ascetic, i. 369; in what sense, ii. 140; Prometheus and, ii. 390; Renan's, i. 486; as "Saviour," i. 485; the Son, i. 486, ii. 244; various conceptions of, i. 369 Christian, Princess, ii. 357, 360, 362, 363, 365, 366, 408 Christianity, essence of, ii. 429 Christie, Miss, i. 11 Christison, Professor, i. 352, 368 Church-going, i. 134, 369, 476 Church of England, i. 57, 58, ii. 392 Church of Rome, i. 57, 58 Churchill, Lord Randolph, ii. 368, 374 Cid, the, i. 373 Clarendon, Lord, i. 278, 325, ii. 92; pressed to join the Derby Government (1866), ii. 106 Clark, Sir George, ii. 278 Clark, Sir James, M.D.: F. N. visits, at Birk Hall (1852), i. 118, (1856) 321; introduces F. N. to Queen Victoria, i. 324; serves on the Royal Commission (1857), i. 328, 330, 331, 332; joins Council of Nightingale Fund, i. 456 _n._, 457; consults with F. N. on China Expedition, i. 340; on status of Army doctors, ii. 67, 68; on F. N. as founder of Army Medical School, i. 392; on _Notes on Nursing_, i. 448; letters to F. N., i. 329, 448; various references, i. 384, 390, 422, ii. 118, 187, 246 Clark, Sir John (son of the foregoing), i. 327 Clark, Le Gros, i. 460 Clark, W., civil engineer, ii. 177, 214, 278, 280, 282 Clarke, Mary. _See_ Mohl Clarke, Mrs. (matron), i. 130 Clarkson, Thomas, i. 5 Classical Literature, ii. 390 Claydon, F. N. at, ii. 309, 310, 324, 349, 382, 383, 398, 415; portraits of her at, ii. 467, 468, 469; Nightingale nurses at, ii. 268 Cleanthes, i. 490 Clinton, Lord, ii. 152 Clive, Mrs. Archer, i. 66, 67, ii. 89; _Paul Ferroll_, i. 66, 495, 500 Clough, Arthur Hugh: at Oxford, Jowett's reminiscences, ii. 12; marries F. N.'s cousin, Blanche Smith, i. 30, 128; sees F. N. off to Scutari, i. 162; friendship with F. N. and service to her, i. 348, 380, 469, 477 _n._, 491, 494, ii. 10, 11, 14; his sympathy, ii. 12, 16; Secretary of Nightingale Fund, i. 457, 494, ii. 11; introduces F. N. to Jowett, i. 471; letter to F. N., i. 494; illness, ii. 10, 11; death, ii. 10; F. N.'s grief, ii. 15, 16; character of, ii. 10, 12; Jowett on, ii. 12, 399; Sir J. McNeill on, ii. 13; poems of, quoted or referred to, i. 468, 481, 484, ii. 355; various references, ii. 63, 151, 194, 216, 223, 388 Clown and pantaloon at a theatre fire, ii. 261 Clyde, Lord, ii. 117 Cobden, Richard, i. 336 Cochrane, Miss Alice, ii. 416 Codrington, General, i. 406 Cohn, F., i. 441 Coleridge, S. T., ii. 213 Colonial Hospitals, ii. 78; Prisons, ii. 60; Schools, ii. 78 Colonization, ii. 165, 166 Coltman, Charlotte, i. 327 _n._ Coltman, William, i. 327 _n._, ii. 237 Coltman, Mrs. William, i. 327 _n._, ii. 467 Colvin, Sir Auckland, i. xxviii Combe, Andrew, _Management of Infancy_, i. 392 _n._ Combe, Dr., i. 360 _n._ Combe Hurst, i. 30, 342 Commissariat, i. 157, 331, ii. 64, 70 Commissions, Lord Salisbury on, ii. 287 Committees, art of managing, i. 135 Communion, Holy, F. N. and, i. 96, 259, 489, ii. 243, 400 Constantinople: dogs as scavengers, ii. 283; F. N.'s study of hospitals at, i. 417; views on approaching, i. 171 Contagious Diseases Acts, ii. 74, 75, 212, 408 Conviction of sin, i. 49 Co-operative movement, ii. 391 Corfield, Dr., ii. 379 Corfu, i. 90 Correggio, "Reading Magdalen," i. 91, 92, 117 Cosmogony, the Indian, ii. 282, 332, 405 Cotton, Sir Arthur, ii. 284, 285, 295, 296, 299, 450; his _Life_, ii. 297 _n._ Cousin, Victor, i. 21 Cousins, marriage of, i. 98 Coventry, Hospital, i. 423; weavers, i. 424 Cowper, Mrs. William, ii. 93 Cox, Colonel and Mrs., ii. 202 "Coxcombs," i. 376, 379 Cranborne, Lord. _See_ Salisbury, Marquis of Cranbrook, Earl of (Mr. Gathorne Hardy): President of the Poor Law Board (1866), ii. 106; F. N.'s communications with, on London workhouse reform, ii. 115, 134, 135, 137; his Metropolitan Poor Act (1867), ii. 137; F. N.'s communications with, as Secretary for War (1876), ii. 318, 319; as Secretary for India (1878), ii. 289; letters to F. N., ii. 115, 291 Cranworth, Lady, i. 134, 300 Cranworth, Lord Chancellor, i. 266 Craven, Mrs. Dacre. _See_ Lees Crawford, Dr. T., ii. 338, 407 Creeds, and Works, i. 58, 488 Crewe, Marquis of, speech on Indian sanitation (1913), ii. 145 Crimea, the: flowers in, i. 285, 450; Hospitals in, i. 254; invasion of, i. 145; F. N.'s three visits to, i. 255, 283. _See also_ Nightingale, F. (2) Crimean veterans, ii. 420, 457, 458 Crimean War: heroism of the soldiers, i. 184, 185, 257, 317; popular resentment at hospital and nursing defects, i. 146; nature and causes of these defects, i. 175, 178, 179, 202, 205, 207, 211, 221, 224 _seq._, ii. 10, 43; preventable deaths in, i. 314, 316; the true "relics" of, ii. 409. _See also_ Balaclava, Chelsea Board, Nursing, Nightingale, Scutari, etc., etc. Crinolines, i. 454 Criticism, irresponsible, ii. 265 Crivelli (singing master), i. 24 Croft, A. W., ii. 275 Croft, J., ii. 247, 248, 386 Croker, T. Crofton, _Fairy Legends of the South of Ireland_, part iii., Cluricaune, i. 97; Phooka, i. 132 Cromford Bridge, i. 125 Cropper, J. W., ii. 127 Cross, the, i. 486, ii. 120; the Way of the Cross, ii. 243 Cross, Lord, F. N.'s negotiations with, ii. 373, 374, 375, 377, 406 Crosse, Mr., ii. 206 Crossland, Miss, ii. 248 _n._ Crown Princess of Prussia. _See_ Victoria Cruiksbanks, Dr., i. 273 Cubs and bears, i. 184, ii. 58 Cuffe, Father, i. 248 Cumberland Infirmary, ii. 256 Cunliffe, Mrs. Leonard, ii. 467. _See also_ Galton, E. Cunningham, Sir Henry, ii. 375 Cunningham, Dr. J. W., ii. 177, 375 Curates, High Church, ii. 309 Curzon, Lord, ii. 298 _n._ Cypress, ii. 120
_Daily News_: attack on F. N. (1854), i. 154 _n._, 245; Harriet Martineau's articles in, i. 386, 494, ii. 30, 35; quoted or referred to, i. 235, ii. 6, 75, 137 _Daily Telegraph_, ii. 117 Dalhousie, Earl of. _See_ Panmure Daly, Timothy, inquest on, ii. 130 Dante, i. 317, ii. 245 Davis, Elizabeth, ii. 461 Dawes, Dr. R. (Dean of Hereford), i. 35, 281, 456 _n._ Dawson, Sir Douglas, ii. 418 De'Ath, George H., ii. 384, 455 Death-beds, i. 449, 455 Deccan, usury in the, ii. 290, 291, 451 Deeble, Mrs., ii. 194, 335 De Grey, Lord. _See_ Ripon, Marquis of Delane, J. T., i. 157, ii. 38, 134 Delhi, insanitary condition of, ii. 281 Delphic Sibyl, the, i. 71, 72 Denison, Edward, ii. 219 Departmental jealousies and friction, ii. 33, 41, 42, 47, 48 Derby, 14th Earl of, his administration (1858-59), i. 378, 387; (1866) presses Lord Clarendon to join him, ii. 106; sympathetic to Poor Law Reform, ii. 134; memorial to, ii. 200 Derby, 15th Earl of (Lord Stanley): enthusiasm for F. N. and her work, i. 339; speaks on behalf of the Nightingale Fund (1855), in London, i. 269; in Manchester, eulogium on F. N., i. 271-2, 305; introduced to F. N. (1857), i. 339; agrees to write on report of the Royal Commission (1857), i. 377; Colonial Secretary (1858) promises to help F. N., i. 379; transferred to India Office, ii. 21; carries East India Bill, ii. 105 _n._; agrees with F. N. to appoint Indian Sanitary Commission (1859), ii. 19, 21; succeeds S. Herbert as Chairman of it, ii. 22, 23, 33, 34; "urged and baited" by F. N., ii. 43; takes various measures in concert with her for securing adoption of the Report, ii. 41, 43, 48, 56, 57, 86; replies to Indian Government's criticism of it (1865), ii. 54; urges appointment of Sir J. Lawrence as Viceroy (1863), ii. 43; arranges interview between him and F. N., ii. 44, 45; Foreign Secretary (1866), ii. 105, 113; commends F. N. to Lord Cranborne, ii. 114; on Lord Mayo, ii. 169; "a splendid worker," ii. 57; temperament of, ii. 41, 57; letters to F. N., ii. 25, 31, 41, 42, 44, 54, 55, 57, 114; various references, ii. 47, 51, 85, 87 Derwent, the river, i. 8 Des Genettes, the Abbé, i. 124, 127 Devon, Earl of, on F. N., ii. 139 _n._ Devonshire, 7th Duke of, i. 318 Devonshire, 8th Duke of. _See_ Hartington Devonshire Square, London, Nursing Institution, i. 158, 159 Devotion, the secret of, i. 78 Dicey, Edward, on Cavour, i. 484 Dicey, Mrs., ii. 458 Dickens, Charles, i. 443; Mrs. Gamp, i. 443; Mrs. Jellyby, i. 496; Elijah Pogram, ii. 100 Digby, S., ii. 378 Disappointment, discipline of, i. 59 Disease, philosophy of, i. 451-2 Disraeli, Benjamin: educating his party, ii. 138; "Sanitas Sanitatum," i. 416; _Sybil_, i. 64; various references, ii. 146, 213, 289, 325 Dissenters, i. 34, ii. 392 District Nursing, Mr. Rathbone's experiment in Liverpool, ii. 124-125; extension of, to London, etc., ii. 143, 252, 355 Dock, Lavinia L. _See_ Nutting Dogs, i. 10, ii. 17 Dohler (musician), i. 24 "Doors _versus_ Windows," ii. 149 Dorchester House, London, ii. 300, 309 Drake, Mrs. Elizabeth, i. 185, 261 Drawing-rooms, i. 498, 499 Dresden, pictures at, i. 91, 92, 369 Dress, i. 454, ii. 267 Drift, Lord Salisbury on, ii. 298 Drunkenness: among nurses, i. 117, 442, 444; in the army, i. 276 _seq._; in the army in India, ii. 28, 280 Dublin, hospitals at, i. 118, 416, ii. 393 Dufferin, Marchioness of, ii. 370 Dufferin, Marquis of: calls on F. N. before going to India, ii. 343; passes Lord Ripon's Land Bills, ii. 297, 343 _n._; sanitary reforms, ii. 370, 373, 376; letters to F. N., ii. 372, 373, 376 Dunant, Henri, ii. 205, 464 Duncannon, Lord, i. 26 Dunsany, Lady, i. 265 Dunsany, Lord, i. 265 Dürer, Albert, i. 369 Dutton, Miss, i. 35
Early rising, ii. 312 _Eastern Hospitals and English Nurses_, ii. 460; quoted, i. 174 _n._, 182, 200, 210 _n._, 236 Eastern Question (1876 _seq._), ii. 292, 293, 319, 449 East India House, ii. 23 Eastlake, Lady, _Memorials of_, i. 260 Ebrington, Lord, i. 375 _Economist_, ii. 35 Edinburgh, F. N.'s study of hospitals at, i. 416; Royal Infirmary, ii. 256, 448, 449, 458 _Edinburgh Review_, i. 377-8 Education: agricultural, for Indian Civil Servants, ii. 333-4, 394; elementary, and nature studies, ii. 310; Indian, ii. 331; native races and, ii. 78, 79, 80 Edward VII., ii. 378, 418, 471 Egg, Augustus L., R.A., reputed portrait of F. N., ii. 467 Egypt, F. N.'s visit to, i. 85 _seq._, ii. 390; condition of people (1850), i. 87; mythology, etc., i. 38, 85; scenery, i. 87 _n._; tomb paintings, ii. 294 Egyptian campaign, 1882, ii. 335, 336 Elections, 1880, ii. 325; 1895, ii. 392 Elgin, 8th Earl of, ii. 35, 43, 44 Elgin, 9th Earl of, ii. 405, 406 Eliot, George, on F. N., i. 118, 491; _Middlemarch_, i. 97; _Romola_, i. 97 Ellenborough, Lord, on Census Bill, 1860, i. 438 Ellesmere, Lady, i. 134 Ellesmere, Lord, tribute to F. N. in House of Lords, i. 237, 302-3; joins Council of Nightingale Fund, i. 456 _n._ Elliot, Captain, i. 33 Ellis, Sir Barrow, ii. 287 Ellis, R. J., ii. 50, 55, 108, ii. 147 Elwin, Whitwell, i. 377 Ely, Lady, ii. 116 Embley, i. 9, 16, 27, 29, 64, 422, ii. 119, 237, 258, 309, 415 Emerson, R. W., i. 141 Endowments, ii. 271 England, unbusiness-like, i. 432 English Society, i. 505, 506 Enthusiasm, and facts, ii. 408 Epitaph, an, i. 490 Eternal punishment, ii. 219 Eugenics, i. 4, ii. 397 Eumenides, grotto of the, i. 91 Evangelicalism, ii. 209 Evans, Aunt, i. 118, 125 Evatt, Surgeon-Major G. J. H., ii. 338, 453 Evil, theory of, i. 53, 481, 486-7, ii. 316 Ewald, H. G. A. von, ii. 229 _Examiner_, i. 164 Excuses, i. 506 "Extra Diet," in Crimean War, i. 285, 286 Ezekiel, ii. 15, 323
Fabiola, i. 440 Faraday, Michael, on friendship, ii. 222 Farnall, H. B., ii. 123, 124 _n._, 131, 134, 135 Farquhar, Dr., ii. 158 Farr, Dr. William: friendship and collaboration with F. N. in Army and other statistics, etc., i. 325, 328, 329, 332, 352, 365, 372, 376, 382, 383, 389 _n._, 428, 430, 431, 436; on Indian Sanitary Commission (1859-1863), ii. 19, 22, 23, 24, 31, 36, 42, 46, 54; address on S. Herbert (1861), ii. 4; retired (1879), ii. 289 _n._; death of, ii. 352; letters, to F. N., i. 435; to Dr. Sutherland, ii. 26; various references, ii. 14, 119, 397, 400, 443 Farrar, F. W., ii. 249 F.A.S., the, i. 129 Fauriel, Claude, i. 21, 31 Fawcett, Henry, ii. 289 Fenzi, Signor Camillo, ii. 391 Fever tinctures, ii. 70 Fife, Colonel J. G., ii. 275 Filder, Commissary-General, i. 157, 437 Finlay, Sir Robert, ii. 362 Fisher, Miss Alice, i. 465 Fitz-Gerald, David, i. 288, 289, 292, 293 Fitz-Gerald, Edward, ii. 94 Fliedner, Pastor Theodor, i. 62, 109, 111, 255, 440, ii. 249, 445 Florence, F. N.'s birthplace, i. 4; F. N.'s visit to, i. 18; congratulations from, ii. 420; memorial to her at, ii. 422 _n._ Florence Nightingale Hospital for Gentlewomen, ii. 458. _See_ Harley Street Florences, named after F. N., i. 3, ii. 321, 420 Flowers, and the sick, i. 449-50, 499; of the field, as models of dress, ii. 264 Footner, Miss F. Alicia de Biden, ii. 469 Forester, Lady Maria, i. 148, 151, 152, 245 Forster, John, _Life of Dickens_, i. 443 Fort Pitt, Chatham (_q.v._), i. 390 Founders, ii. 246, 271 Fowler, H. H. (Lord Wolverhampton), ii. 379, 380, 406 Fowler, Dr. Richard, i. 35; Mrs., i. 44 Fox, F. W., ii. 290 _n._ France and the Roman Republic, 1848, i. 76 Franco-German War (1870), ii. 198, 200-201 _Fraser's Magazine_, Papers by F. N. in, ii. 164, 218, 446, 447 Frederick, Crown Prince (Emperor), ii. 118, 204, 277 Frederick, J. J., i. 405, ii. 65, 374 _n._, 375, 386, 416 "Free Gifts," the, i. 208 Freeman, Miss L., ii. 141 Free Will, and Necessity, i. 70, 71, 469, 481, 482, 484 French military hospitals, i. 228; and nurses, i. 147, 149 Frere, Sir Bartle: returns from Bombay to India Council, makes F. N.'s acquaintance (1867), ii. 147; value of his co-operation with her, ii. 146; friendship with her and her parents, ii. 148; delivers letter from her to Sir S. Northcote, ii. 151; appointed Chairman of Sanitary Committee at India Office, ii. 153; arranges for Lord Mayo to see F. N., ii. 167; introduces Lord Napier of Magdala to her, ii. 175; various communications, etc., ii. 158, 171, 176, 178, 179, 180, 274, 276, 285, 296, 334; death of, ii. 352; letters to F. N., ii. 144, 167, 168, 175, 176-7, 181, 281; F. N.'s opinion of, ii. 152, 169, 175; on Lord Mayo, ii. 167; on Lord Napier of Magdala, ii. 175; on F. N.'s services to India, ii. 45, 158; on her method, ii. 385 Friendly Societies, i. 437 Friendship, Jowett on, ii. 84; F. N. on, ii. 222-3, 425 Froude, J. A., ii. 164, 219, 220 Fry, Mrs. Elizabeth, i. 62 _n._, 109, 123, 440 Fuhrmann, Fräulein, ii. 190 Further Shore, voices from the, ii. 39 Future life, i. 373, 483, ii. 94, 319, 402
Gale, Mrs., F. N.'s nurse, i. 31 Galileo, i. 35 Galton, Captain Sir Douglas, i. vi; marries F. N.'s cousin (1851), i. 29; serves on various War Office Commissions, i. 381, 389, 396, 405; his position at the War Office (1860, 1861), i. 404, 420, ii. 6; appointed, at F. N.'s instance, assistant Under-Secretary, ii. 62; memorandum by, on War Office organization, ii. 63 _n._; retires from War Office (1869), continued on Army Sanitary Committee, ii. 162; suggests to F. N. to see Sir B. Frere, ii. 147; assumes responsibility for sending official papers to F. N., ii. 149; serves on the Aid Society (1870-71), ii. 199, 200; death of, ii. 414; on Army Hospital Service, ii. 338 _n._, 340; on sanitary progress in India, 1876, ii. 182 and _n._; on Dr. Sutherland's services, ii. 173 _n._; helps F. N., i. 494, ii. 332, 338, 371, 377, 406; letters to F. N., ii. 6, 65, 74, 76, 147; F. N.'s tribute to, ii. 414; various references, i. 406, ii. 10, 51, 109, 375, 378, 407 Galton, Evelina (Mrs. L. Cunliffe), ii. 391 Galton, Francis, ii. 397, 400 Garcia, Pauline, i. 24 Gardiner, Rev. Thory Gage, ii. 399-400 Garibaldi: F. N.'s sympathy with, i. 501; sees F. N., ii. 90; her impressions, ii. 90-91; his Volunteers, ii. 8; Jowett on, ii. 90; Sir J. Lawrence on, ii. 50 Gaskell, Mrs. (the authoress), visit to Lea Hurst, i. 139; description of the place, i. 8; on F. N., i. 39, 41, 139, 140, 373; helps F. N. about soldiers' reading-rooms, i. 397; letter to F. N., i. 347; books of: _North and South_, i. 140, 500; _Ruth_, i. 500 Gaskell, Mrs. (_née_ Brandreth), i. 55 Gaster, Miss, ii. 293 Gavazzi, Father, i. 74 Gavin, Dr. Hector, i. 219, 221 Geneva, F. N. at, i. 17 Geneva Convention (1864), ii. 71 Genoa, F. N. at, i. 18 George IV., i. 479 Gerry, John, ii. 450 Ghose, Lalmohun, ii. 332 Gibraltar, soldiers' reading-room, i. 397, ii. 76 Giffard, Rev. J. T., i. 14 Gigliucci, Contessa. _See_ Novello, Clara Girton College, ii. 390 Gladstone, W. E. [(1) Relations with F. N.; (2) other references.] (1) _Relations with F. N._:-- friendship with Sidney Herbert, i. 387; at his funeral, i. 409; appeals to F. N. to write a memoir of him, i. 408; speaks at his memorial meeting, i. 410; F. N. appeals to, to continue Herbert's work, i. 409, ii. 4; later communications with F. N.--on appointment of Secretary for War (1863), ii. 30; on army morals, ii. 75; on small ownership (1865), ii. 92, 93; on India (1879), ii. 292, 293; on General Gordon, 1881, ii. 329; on India (1884), ii. 345; on appointment of Indian Secretary (1886), ii. 368; invites F. N. to a review (1882), ii. 336; letters to F. N., i. 409, 410, ii. 292 (2) _Other references_:-- a riddle about, i. 388; as "the Beast," i. 65; as Chancellor of the Exchequer, i. 387, 404; Eastern Question and, ii. 284, 320; Homer, ii. 61; on the Franchise Bill (1866), ii. 105; resignation, (1894), ii. 403; various mentions, ii. 16, 68, 69, 92, 102, 104, 173, 212, 213, 304, 307, 308 Gladstone, Mrs. W. E., ii. 336, 347 Glasgow Infirmary, i. 421 Gleichen, Countess Feodora, ii. 422 _n._, 469 Glover, Rev. R., i. 279 God: character and purposes of, i. 117, 469, 479, 480, 486, ii. 222, 223; communion with, i. 489; the "glory" of, ii. 390; a personal, ii. 219; plan of, i. 479, ii. 1; mankind to create mankind, i. 117, 120, ii. 51; "not my Private Secretary," ii. 414; providence of, i. 486. _See also_ Law God's Revenge upon Murder, i. 377 "Going to Miss Nightingale," i. 348, 350 Goldschmidt, Madame. _See_ Lind Gonfalonieri (Italian journalist), i. 26, 479 Gonzaga, Sister (Georgiana Barrie, the "Cardinal"), i. 249, 499, ii. 82 Goodman, Margaret, ii. 462 Gordon, General, introduces himself to F. N. (1880), ii. 327; subsequent movements, and communications with her (1881 _seq._), ii. 328, 329; sends "books of comfort" to her, ii. 328, 330; messages to her from Brussels and Khartoum, ii. 330; at Khartoum, ii. 267; "The Last Watch," ii. 350; F. N. on his character, ii. 323, 351; distributes _Lives_ of him among the soldiers, ii. 351 _n._ Gordon Boys' Home, ii. 330 Gordon Relief Expedition, ii. 346, 350 Gordon, Miss, ii. 355 Gordon, Mr. (engineer at Scutari), i. 206, 234 Goschen, G. J. (Viscount): on statistics, i. 428; sees F. N., her estimate of him, ii. 166 Gospel of St. John, ii. 366 Graham, Sir James, i. 34 Grant, Bishop, _Life_ of, ii. 463; quoted, i. 173, 249 Grant, Sir Hope, ii. 65 Grant Duff, Sir Mountstuart, ii. 333, 344 Granville, Earl, ii. 92; _Life_ of, quoted, i. 273, 278 Grates, varnish for, i. 347 Gray, Mr. and Mrs. Hamilton, i. 65 Greathed, Colonel E. H., ii. 22 Great Ormond Street, hospital of the Bermondsey Nuns, i. 487 _n._ Greece: architecture, i. 88; scenery, i. 89 Greek chorus, ii. 26; Greek literature, ii. 229 Green, Mrs. T. H., ii. 398 Greg, W. R., ii. 35 Greville's _Journal_, quoted, i. 145, 176 Grey, third Earl, i. 354, 436, 438 Grey, Sir George (Governor of New Zealand), i. 11, ii. 78, 440 Grey, Sir George (Queen Victoria's Private Secretary), i. 324 Grillage, Peter, i. 304, ii. 302 Grisi, Carlotta, i. 19, 24 Grosvenor Hotel (Park Street), ii. 91 Grote, G., on J. S. Mill, ii. 221; _History of Greece_, ii. 97 Guildford, Surrey County Hospital, i. 423 Guizot, i. 21, 26, 82, 451 Guy's Hospital, i. 433
Haig, Colonel F. T., ii. 275, 295 Halifax (Nova Scotia) soldiers' institute, ii. 76 Hall, H. Byng, ii. 460 Hall, Sir John, M.D.: Inspector-General of hospitals in Crimea, i. 288; his mistakes, i. 357; resents requisitions as slurs on his preparations, i. 288; opposition to F. N., i. 213, 288, 291, 297, 386; rebuked by Secretary of State, i. 292, 293; evidence to the Royal Commission (1857), i. 357, 358; S. Herbert and F. N. prevent his appointment as Director-General, i. 331, 378, ii. 146 _n._; various references to, i. 356, 382, 437; _Life_ of, by Mitra, interest of, i. 169; quoted or referred to, i. 204 _n._, 213, 291, 292, 293 Hall, S. C., i. 269, ii. 450; Mrs., i. 462 _n._ Hallam, H., i. 65 Hannen, Lord, ii. 362 Happiness, i. 106, ii. 322 Harcourt, E. V., Archbishop of York, i. 55 Hardy, Gathorne. _See_ Cranbrook Hare, A. J. C., _Story of Two Noble Lives_, quoted, i. 371 Harley Street Hospital, London, ii. 458; F. N.'s work at, i. 129, 131, 134, 135 _seq._, 140, 141 Harrowby, Lord, ii. 69 Hart, Ernest, ii. 124, 137 Hartington, Lord, ii. 70, 71 Hastings, Lady Flora, i. 25 Hastings, Warren, ii. 43 Hatcher, Miss Temperance (Mrs. Grillage), ii. 302 Hathaway, Dr., ii. 49, 51 Hawes, Sir Benjamin, permanent Under Secretary for War (1857-62), i. 403, 405, ii. 61; death of, ii. 62 Hawthorn, Mrs., ii. 327, 337, 342 Hawthorne, N., _Transformation_, i. 97 Hayward, Abraham, i. 344 _n._, 408 Health Missioners, ii. 383-4 Heathcote, Sir William, i. 37, 422 Heaven, ii. 209, 233, 234, 403, 428, 429-30 Hell, i. 51 Hemans, Mrs., i. 10 Henley, W. E., _In Hospital_, i. 186, ii. 264 Henniker, Sir Brydges, ii. 289 _n._ Herbert, Sidney (Lord Herbert of Lea). [(1) chronological; (2) character; (3) letters; (4) miscellaneous references.]
(1) _Chronological_:-- Secretary-at-war under Peel (1845-1846), i. 79; interest in welfare of the soldiers, i. 149; interest in hospitals, nursing, emigration, i. 80, 137, 149; marriage (1846), i. 79; relations with his wife, i. 80, 411; meets F. N. at Rome (1847-48), friendship, i. 79; visits her at Kaiserswerth (1851), i. 114; secretary-at-war under Aberdeen, relieves Duke of Newcastle of hospital matters, i. 149, 217; asks F. N. to go out to the East (Oct. 15, 1854), i. 151-4; settles expedition at interview (Oct. 16), i. 155; issues her instructions, i. 155; helps her to select nurses, i. 159; favours a larger number, i. 158; addresses nurses before departure, i. 159; writes to papers saying further nurses will not be sent except on F. N.'s requisition, i. 189; sends out second party of nurses under Miss Stanley, i. 188; instructs F. N. to communicate freely with him, i. 217; acts on her reports, i. 211; retires from office (1855), transmits F. N.'s subsequent reports to his successor, i. 217; acts as honorary secretary of Nightingale Fund, i. 269; on the Council, i. 456. _n._, 457; speech at public meeting to promote Fund, i. 113, 180, 199, 237, 264, 269, 270, 306; begs F. N. to return after her illness in Crimea, i. 260; sees F. N. on her return (1856), i. 313; discusses plans of reform with her, i. 321, 325; accepts chairmanship of Royal Commission on Health of the Army, i. 334; negotiations with Lord Panmure in concert with F. N., i. 335; work as chairman of Royal Commission, assisted by F. N., i. 312, 355 _seq._, 360; holds back report, pending guarantees for reform, i. 363, 364; accepts chairmanship of executive Sub-Commissions, hard work on them, i. 363, 366, 381, 382; carries motion in support of McNeill and Tulloch (1857), i. 338; holiday in Ireland (Aug. 1857), sees F. N. on his return, i. 364; overstrain (1858), i. 381; accepts chairmanship of Indian Sanitary Commission (1859), i. 398, ii. 19, 21; resigns chairmanship, ii. 22, 23; on becoming Secretary for War (1859), i. 387, 400; summary of his sanitary and other reforms, i. 388-99, ii. 174; fortification scheme, i. 398; volunteer (_q.v._) movement, ii. 7; health fails, i. 401; works on indomitably, i. 405, ii. 403; wanted Sir J. Lawrence as Viceroy (1861), ii. 44; interview with F. N. (Dec. 1860), i. 401; resigns House of Commons, created Lord Herbert of Lea (1860), i. 402; first speech in House of Lords, i. 402 _n._; increasing illness, i. 404, 503; resigns office, i. 406; last interview with F. N., i. 406; ordered abroad, i. 406, 503; return home and death, i. 406, 507, ii. 7; dying words about F. N., i. 406; funeral, i. 409; Memorial meeting, i. 409-10; Memorial to, ii. 6, 8; last official schemes and wishes: desired De Grey as his successor, ii. 30; General Military Hospital at Woolwich, ii. 6; his schemes frustrated after his death, ii. 4, 6, 94; had inserted no "mainspring," ii. 5, 144
(2) _Character_, ii. 175:-- Angelic temper, i. 407; as an Administrator (Mr. Gladstone's estimate), i. 409; as army reformer, i. 399; charm, i. 411; chivalry, i. 373; contrasted with F. N., i. 412; conversational powers, i. 411, ii. 223; eclecticism, i. 366; Jowett on what he might have been, ii. 98; management of Royal Commissions, i. 358; not a party man, ii. 176; openness, ii. 169; popularity, i. 149, 409; position in the House of Commons, etc., i. 149; quick perception, i. 358, 366, ii. 152; a saviour, i. 412, 485; sympathetic manner, i. 358; unselfish devotion, i. 407, ii. 293. For his relations with F. N., _see_ Nightingale, Florence (3)
(3) _Letters_:-- To F. N.: (1854, Oct. 15) i. 151-154; (1856) i. 290, 313, 321, 325, 327, 329, 331, 332; (1857) i. 312, 348, 356, 357, 358, 360; (1858) i. 378, 379, 380, 381, 382; (1859) i. 387; (1861) i. 404; to commandant at Scutari, i. 178; to Lord Raglan, i. 288; to Samuel Smith, i. 313; to Dr. Sutherland, i. 379
(4) _Various references_:-- i. 245, 332, 359, 370, 371, 374, 376, 377, 378, 382, 394, 468, ii. 11, 13, 26, 38, 63, 81, 152, 171, 173, 213, 214, 260, 373, 385, 396, 404, 409 Herbert, Mrs. Sidney (Lady Herbert of Lea), marriage, i. 79; meets F. N. at Rome, i. 79; friendship with F. N., i. 79, 80, 134, 374, 381, 388, 411; helps F. N. at Harley Street, i. 134; defends F. N. against sectarian attacks, i. 245; intercedes with Manning (1867) about Bermondsey nuns, i. 487 _n._; her help to her husband, ii. 15; grief at his death, ii. 17; joins Church of Rome, ii. 89; letters: to F. N., i. 332, 366, 400, 402, ii. 60; to Mrs. Bracebridge, i. 189, 192, 221; various references, i. 136, 137, 215, 266, 268, 377, ii. 4, 5, 6, 187 Hereford, Dean of. _See_ Dawes "_Heroic Dead, The_," verses on, i. 263 Heroism, i. 317, 484 Hewlett, Dr., ii. 174, 183, 381 Hicks, Miss Philippa (Mrs. Large), ii. 252, 348 Hicks-Beach, Sir Michael, ii. 361 High Church Party, ii. 392 Highgate Infirmary, ii. 192, 272 Hill, Mr. and Mrs., American missionaries, i. 89, 91 Hill, Miss Annie, ii. 272 Hill, Miss Octavia, i. 97, 98, ii. 304, 450 Hill Stations, India, ii. 28-9 History, philosophy of, i. 484 Hobhouse, Lord, ii. 362 Holland, Queen of, ii. 89, 187 Holloway (near Lea Hurst), ii. 326, 392 Holyoake, G. J., i. 119, 120 Holy Writ, ii. 229 Homer, i. 13, 47, ii. 43, 229 Hong Kong, barracks, ii. 407 Hook, Dr. (Vicar of Leeds), i. 55 Hookham, Mr. (bookseller), i. 265 Hopkins, Miss Ellice, ii. 450 Hornby, Lady, _Constantinople during the Crimean War_, ii. 462; quoted, i. 285, 297 Horner, Miss Joanna, i. 33 Horse Guards, the (office), i. 179, 200, 403, ii. 4, 6, 9, 58; a "Horse Guards letter," i. 437 Horses, army, in the Crimea, ii. 65; in Hansom cabs, ii. 66 Hospital hymn, ii. 258 Hospitals: anxieties in, i. 137; condition of, in F. N.'s early time, i. 415, 417 _seq._; F. N.'s work in reforming, i. 415-16, _see further_, Nightingale, F. (5); greenery for, i. 499; "pavilion" (_q.v._) system, i. 340; scheme for supply in military, i. 227; statistics, i. 430 _seq._ Hospitals Association, ii. 356 _Hospital, The_, ii. 363 Houghton, Lord. _See_ Milnes Hougomont, a moral from, ii. 72 House of Lords, i. 437 Household Hygiene, i. 448, 451 Housekeeping, i. 42, ii. 302-3 Housing of the People, i. 436, 437 Howe, Dr. and Julia Ward, i. 37, 43, ii. 315 Howitt, William and Mary, i. 382 Hume, A. O., ii. 332 Hume, Rev. Mr., i. 152 Hunter, Sir W. Guyer, ii. 379 Hunter, Sir W. Wilson, ii. 25 _n._, 380, 455 Huntingdon County Hospital, ii. 256 Hurd, Dr. H. M., i. 345 _n._, ii. 466 Husson, Monsieur, ii. 136 _n._ Huxley, Professor, ii. 223, 224 Hyde Park, the treadmill, ii. 300 Hygiene in the army, i. 395 Hymns: Hospital hymn, ii. 258; "I ask no Heaven," ii. 209; "O Lord, how happy should we be," ii. 421; "The Son of God goes forth to war," ii. 142, 423
Ignatius Loyola, i. 96, ii. 272 Ilbert, Sir C. P., ii. 333; the "Ilbert Bill," ii. 331, 339, 343 India: F. N.'s knowledge of, how derived, ii. 25, 27, 273-5; education, ii. 331, 381; land question, ii. 331; Local Government, ii. 381; Lord Ripon's reforms, ii. 330 _seq._; proclamation of 1858, ii. 381; Towns Municipal Improvement Bill (1865), ii. 56. _See also_ Nightingale, F. (6) India Office: jealousy of War Office, ii. 47, 153; opposition to Royal Commission's Report (1863), ii. 42; loses a dispatch from Sir J. Lawrence, ii. 108 Indian Civil Service, ii. 333, 392 Indian Famines, ii. 275 _n._, 277, 284, 289-90, 292, 450 Indian Irrigation: F. N.'s interest in, and pleas for, ii. 184, 274, 284, 286, 297; Lord Salisbury's doubts on, ii. 286; conflicting experts on, ii. 289; data required for, ii. 286-288; some irrigation works, ii. 288, 297, 298 Indian Medical Service, ii. 70 Indian Mutiny, F. N.'s offer to go out, i. 371; the moral drawn by her from, i. 365, ii. 19, 20 Indian National Congress, ii. 332, 382 Indian Plague, ii. 412 Indian Sanitation: India to be "conquered," "civilized," by sanitation, ii. 1, 20, 51, 52, 152, 154, 174; preventable mortality of soldiers in, ii. 18, 19, 32; climate not responsible, ii. 20; Presidency Sanitary Commissions set up (1864), ii. 42, 45, 46, 49; threatened, ii. 372; proposed transference of functions of Sanitary Commissioners to Prison Inspectors, ii. 114, 144, 145; appointment of public health officers, ii. 154; Sanitary Department established at the India Office, ii. 150-153; Sanitary Annuals issued, ii. 57, 145, 174 _n._, 176 _n._, 180, 326; F. N.'s scheme for allocating cesses to, rejected (1894), ii. 378-9; summary of reforms effected (1863-73), ii. 53-6, 181-3; reduced army death-rate, ii. 19, 55, 156, 174, 182, 277, 279; native awakening to advantage of sanitation, ii. 174; answer to objections, ii. 174, 181; village sanitation, ii. 332; costliness of sanitary reforms, ii. 277, 278, 279; other difficulties in the way of, ii. 377, 381; provincial Sanitary Boards (1888), ii. 376; Village Inspection Books (1895), ii. 406; sanitation the Indian "Cinderella," i. xxviii; Budget provision for (1913), i. xxviii. _See also_ Nightingale, Florence (6) Indian Village Communities, ii. 391 Infant majesty, i. 497-8 Inglis, Lady, i. 134, 141 Inkerman, battle, i. 181, 317 Inkerman Café, Scutari, i. 279 Inoculation, i. 393 _n._ International Congress, Geneva (1864), ii. 71. _See also_ Red Cross International Hygiene Congress, 1891, ii. 377 International Statistical Congress, London, 1860, i. 431; Berlin, 1863, i. 434 Ionian Islands, British occupation, i. 90 Irby, Miss Paulina, ii. 235, 320, 388, 417 Irish Census, i. 436, 437 Italian pictures, i. 47, ii. 310 Italy: F. N.'s love of, ii. 393; her fame in, i. 501, ii. 117; politics of, her interest in Italian freedom and unity, i. 17, 74-6, ii. 117, 118, 479; scheme for "educating the South," i. 501-2 Ithuriel, i. 35
Jackson, Captain Pilkington, ii. 76 Jacob Omnium, ii. 70 _n._ Jameson, Mrs., i. 63 Jam-making, i. 42 Japan and F. N., ii. 419 Jebb, Sir Joshua, i. 36, 352, 374, 456 _n._, 457 Jebb, Lady Amelia, i. 266 Jenner, Sir William, ii. 192, 318 Jesuits, ii. 271-2 Jeune, Lady, ii. 408 Jewitt, LL., _A Stroll to Lea Hurst_, i. 265 Joan of Arc, i. 265, 286 Jocelyn, Lady, i. 36 John Bull and his Church, i. 476 Johnson, Samuel, definition of religion, ii. 233 Johnson, Dr. Walter, i. 116, 117, 367, ii. 162 Jones, Miss Agnes, ii. 52; nursing apprenticeship and introduction to F. N., ii. 126; a Probationer at the Nightingale Training School, ii. 52, 126; selected by F. N. for Liverpool Infirmary, ii. 52, 126; her experiment, ii. 127; trials and ultimate success, ii. 128, 129, 140; death, ii. 140, 162, 249; character of, ii. 140-41; her feeling for F. N., ii. 126, 127, 128, 185; inscription to, at Liverpool, ii. 206 Jones, Miss Mary, superintendent of St. John's House (_q.v._) which undertook the nursing at King's College Hospital (_q.v._), i. 444, 464; friendship with, and admiration for, F. N., i. 159, 447-8, 502; sends nurses to the Crimea, i. 159; gives advice on Nightingale Training School, i. 462 Jones, William, i. 256 _n._, 304 Joubert, i. 490 Journal of the Royal Army Military Corps, quoted, i. 187, 188 _n._; Statistical Society, i. 433 Jowett, Benjamin. [(1) relations with F. N.; (2) letters to F. N.; (3) various references.]
(1) Relations with F. N.:-- Refers to F. N. in _Essays and Reviews_, i. 471; introduced by Clough, F. N. submits her _Suggestions for Thought_, his correspondence and annotations thereon, i. 471, 472, 475-7, 483, 487, ii. 95; forms friendship with F. N. and her parents (1862), ii. 96; administers Sacrament to her, ii. 96; visits her in London, ii. 96, 302, 394; and in the country, ii. 162, 163, 311, 394; admonitions to her, ii. 97, 100, 102; familiar correspondence, ii. 96, 99, 101; promises F. N. not to overwork, ii. 99; F. N. helps him with sermons, ii. 100, 227; persuades F. N. to visit the country, ii. 162, 163; advises her to do literary work, ii. 163, 211, 215, 222, 230, 231; she helps in revising his _Plato_, ii. 225, 232; with _The Children's Bible_, ii. 228; a passing coolness, ii. 240; closer sympathy, ii. 394; introduces Lord Lansdowne to F. N., ii. 376; illness at South Street (1887), ii. 395; proposed "Nightingale Professorship" at Oxford, ii. 397, 398, 400; illness (1891), ii. 398; death (1893), ii. 398, 399; F. N.'s tribute, ii. 400; Lord Lansdowne's, ii. 400-1; F. N.'s feeling for him, and value of his friendship to her, ii. 101, 103, 401; his feeling for her, and appreciation of her friendship, ii. 100, 321, 398, 399; tributes to her work and character, ii. 102, 238, 273, 296, 314, 321, 352, 425, 433
(2) _Letters to F. N._, ii. 61, 101, 249:-- (1861) i. 471-2, 475, 476, 477, 478, 500, ii. 12; (1862) ii. 96; (1863) ii. 97; (1864) ii. 101; (1865) i. 477 _n._, ii. 97, 98, 100, 102; (1866) ii. 100, 110 _n._; (1867) ii. 121, 151, 155, 177, 426; (1868) i. 450 _n._, ii. 169; (1870) ii. 211; (1871) ii. 211, 215, 218, 223, 225; (1872) ii. 211, 212, 213, 218, 228 _n._, 230, 231; (1873) ii. 227, 232; (1874) ii. 296; (1876) ii. 317; (1879) ii. 321; (1885) ii. 352; (1886) ii. 401, 433; (1887) ii. 394, 395, 402; (1890) ii. 397; (1891) ii. 398; (1892) ii. 359, 398; (1893) ii. 399; various dates, ii. 99, 100, 374 _n._ (3) _Various references_:--
His God, ii. 309; his _Life_, i. 471; his _Letters_, i. 483; Madame Mohl on, ii. 307; on Future Life, i. 483; on mysticism, ii. 231, 232; on Sir S. Northcote, ii. 155; on the preferment he would like, ii. 98; on style, ii. 296; miscellaneous, i. xxiii, 484, ii. 94 _n._, 117, 138, 147, 205, 285, 315 Jupiter of the Capitol, i. 71
Kaiserswerth: F. N.'s interest in, and inquiries about, i. 62, 63, 64, 67; projected visit to (1848), i. 82, 83; first sojourn at (1850), i. 92; entry in album, i. 92 _n._; pamphlet on, i. 93; second sojourn at (1851), i. 108; institutions at, i. 110; life at, i. 112; nursing at, i. 111, 113; origin of, i. 109; spread of, i. 109; various references to, i. 79, 105, 107, 466, ii. 117, 126, 320, 442, 445 K.C.B., i. 288 _n._ Keith, Mrs., i. 35 Kempis, Thomas à, ii. 232, 244 Kent, Duchess of, i. 281 Khartoum, fall of, ii. 350 Kimberley, Earl of, ii. 329, 345, 406 Kinglake, A. W.: acquaintance with F. N., her estimate of his book, i. 319; his view of the Chelsea Board (_q.v._), i. 336; his satire on the males, i. 133, 212; otherwise quoted or referred to, i. 171, 178, 195 _n._, 201 _n._, 220, 232, 238, 241, 242, 319, 431 King's College Hospital, F. N. invited to superintend nursing at, i. 141; Nightingale Fund lying-in wards at, i. 464, ii. 196; various references, i. 433, 444, ii. 16. _See also_ Jones, Mary King's Hospital Fund, i. 433 Kipling, Rudyard, referred to, ii. 18, 27 Kirkland, Sir John, i. 156, 391 Kitchener, Lord, ii. 416 Knight, Miss, ii. 395, 398 Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, ii. 117 Koch, Dr., ii. 344 Kontaxaki, Elizabeth, i. 91 Köstritz, Princess Reuss, i. 18 Koulali Hospitals, i. 174, 193 Kroff, Monsieur, i. 34 Kumassi Expedition (1895), ii. 406 Kynsham Court, Presteigne, i. 9
Lablache, Louis, i. 19 Labour, organization of, ii. 165 Lacordaire, i. 43 Ladies' Association for the Relief of Sick and Wounded (1866), ii. 117 Ladies' Sanitary Association, ii. 407 "Lady with the Lamp," The, i. 237; the actual lamp, i. 237 _n._ _Laisser faire_, ii. 164 Lancers, the 12th, i. 279 _Lancet_, ii. 124, 443, 447 Land Question in England, ii. 93 Land Transport Corps, i. 283, 294 Lansdowne, 4th Marquis of, i. 269 Lansdowne, 5th Marquis of, Viceroy, communications with F. N., etc., ii. 376-7, 394, 406; Secretary for War, ii. 406; letters to F. N., on Jowett, ii. 400, 401 Large, Mrs. _See_ Hicks Law, as the thought, the voice, the will of God, i. xxvii, 480, 489, 490, ii. 218, 396 Lawfield, Mrs., i. 183, 186 Lawrence, Sir Henry, ii. 28 Lawrence, Sir John, Lord: [(1) relations with F. N., chronological; (2) general.]
(1) _Chronological_:-- Sees F. N. (1861), i. 492, ii. 24; corresponds with her on her Indian _Observations_ (1862), ii. 26; appointment as Viceroy urged by F. N., ii. 43; appointed (Nov. 30, 1863), ii. 44; interview with F. N. (Dec. 4), ii. 45, 50; asks F. N. to draft sanitary _Suggestions_, ii. 45, 46; sets up Sanitary Commissions (Jan. 1864), ii. 46; reports to and consults F. N. on sanitary measures, ii. 49, 50, 56; asks her to draft scheme for female nursing, ii. 55; rejects it, ii. 157; sends dispatch on sanitary organization, which is lost (Jan. 1866), ii. 106, 107, 108, 109; proposes reconstruction of sanitary commissions, ii. 108; communications with F. N., ii. 146, 149, 150, 153; declines to institute a sanitary executive, ii. 159; faltering, ii. 156; returns to England, calls on F. N. (1869), ii. 159; work on the London School Board, ii. 293-294; communications with F. N., ii. 287, 294, 297; last days, ii. 294; death, ii. 293; letters to F. N., ii. 46, 50, 106, 156, 158, 159
(2) _General_:-- Character, ii. 293-5; F. N.'s admiration of, ii. 43, 44, 50, 56, 147, 152, 159-60, 175, 452; importance of his co-operation with her, ii. 45, 58; his influence on India, ii. 28; his opinion of Garibaldi, ii. 50; "puppies" and, ii. 58; various references, ii. 22, 34, 89, 168, 260, 291, 370, 404 Lawrence, Lady, ii. 52, 294 Lawson, Dr., i. 273 Lea Hurst, i. 7, 8, 53, 304, 504, ii. 237, 303, 309, 310, 311, 392, 415; F. N.'s interest in the poor near, ii. 312, 326; school near, i. 14, 504 Leeds, consecration of Church (1841), i. 55; Infirmary, i. 423, ii. 256 Lees, Miss Florence (Mrs. Dacre Craven), ii. 203, 253, 314 _n._ Lefevre, Charles Shaw (Lord Eversley), i. 25, 36 Lefroy, Colonel Sir John Henry, scientific adviser to Secretary for War, i. 297; mission to the Crimea (1855), i. 297; high opinion of F. N.'s work, i. 297; character and abilities, i. 322, 351, 491, ii. 427; supports her at the War Office (1856), i. 297; co-operates with F. N. for soldiers' reading-rooms, etc., i. 330, 331, 350, 396; letters to F. N., i. 322, 351, 491 Lehzen, Baroness, i. 25 Leith, Dr., ii. 54, 55 _n._ Lentils, ii. 390 Leonardo da Vinci, ii. 294 Leslie, C. R., _Autobiographical Recollections_, i. 454 _n._ Levée, thoughts on a, ii. 83 Leverrier, Urbain J. J., i. 65 Lewis, Sir George Cornewall, Home Secretary (1860), declines extend scope of Census, i. 436, 437; Secretary for War (1861-63), i. 406, 409, ii. 5, 6, 61, 63; death (1863), question of his successor, ii. 29; character of, i. 406, ii. 5; his _jeux d'esprit_, ii. 61; F. N.'s opinion of, i. 436, ii. 61 Liberty, Florentine, and English, ii. 391 Liddell, Sir John, i. 348 Life, an art, ii. 430; a splendid gift, ii. 404, 434 Light, and disease, i. 419 Lilac, i. 429 Lincoln, Abraham, ii. 91 Lincoln County Hospital, ii. 256 Lind, Jenny, i. 65, 273 Lindsay, General, ii. 76 Linton, Dr., i. 273 Lisbon, Children's Hospital, i. 421 Lister, Lord, i. 439, 441 Litany, the, i. 476, 479 Liverpool, Library, F. N. MS. at, i. 383, ii. 439; Royal Infirmary, Nurses Training School, ii. 125, 256 (_see also_ Rathbone); Southern Hospital, ii. 256, 454; Workhouse Infirmary, ii. 125 _seq._, 256. _See also_ Jones (Agnes) Livingstone, Dr., ii. 267, 315 Loch, Miss C. G., ii. 370 Lock Hospitals, i. 421 Locke, John, ii. 331 London Hospital, the, i. 433, ii. 360, 361 London School Board, ii. 293 London skies, ii. 310 Longfellow, H. W., poem on F. N., i. xxiv, xxxvi, 3, 237, ii. 142, 240, 313, 351 Longmore, Dr. T., i. 392, ii. 71, 118 Louis, Prince, of Hesse-Darmstadt, ii. 116 Love, i. 99, 489, ii. 225-6 Lovelace, Ada, Lady, friendship with F. N., i. 38, 65; poem on her, i. 65, ii. 461; prophecy, i. 142 Lowe, Robert (Lord Sherbrooke), i. 349, 436, ii. 104, 113, 212, 218; on F. N., ii. 149 Lowell, J. R., quoted, i. 59 Loyd Lindsay, Colonel. _See_ Wantage Lückes, Miss Eva, ii. 360, 361 _n._ Lugard, Sir E., ii. 62, 72 Luise. _See_ Baden, Grand Duchess of Lumsden, Sir Peter, ii. 369 Luther, Martin, ii. 346 Lying-in Hospitals, ii. 189. _See also_ King's College Hospital Lyons, F. N.'s study of hospitals at, i. 417 Lytton, E. Bulwer, novels, ii. 95 Lytton, Earl of, Viceroy, ii. 289, 291, 325
Macaulay, Lord, i. 25, 26, ii. 223;_Lays of Ancient Rome_, ii. 95, 105 Macdonald, Mr. (_Times_ almoner in Crimea), i. 157, 195, 199, 204, 236, 241 McGrigor, Dr., i. 206, 228 Machin, Miss, ii. 256 Mackenzie, Miss Louisa Stewart. _See_ Ashburton, Lady Mackintosh, Sir James, i. 63 McLachlan, Dr., i. 330, 332, 349 _Macmillan's Magazine_, ii. 35, 269 _n._ McMurdo, General Sir William, i. 284 McNeill, Sir John, mission to the Crimea, with Colonel Tulloch (1855), i. 257; F. N. visits at Edinburgh (1856), i. 321, 328 (1857), 342; one of her constant counsellors, i. 326, 357, 358, 456 _n._, 457, 459; his high opinion of her ability, i. 339 _n._; his tributes to her services, i. 362, 367, ii. 13; made a Privy Councillor, i. 338; collaborates with F. N. in scheme for Indian nursing (1865), ii. 55, 157; last communications with her, death, ii. 352; various references, i. 374, 395, 405, ii. 14, 461; letters to F. N.:--(1856) i. 325, 335; (1857) i. 360, 366; (1858) i. 344, 346, 375, 387, 474; (1859) i. 399; (1860) i. 334; (1861) i. 405, ii. 13; (1862) ii. 26; (1867) ii. 157 McNeill-Tulloch Report, and subsequent events, i. 316, 319, 321, 336, 337, 339 _n._ Madras, sanitation in, ii. 169, 170, 171, 183, 281, 282, 283 Madre Sta. Colomba, i. 78 "Magazining," ii. 220, 221 Magnificat, the, i. 94, 306, ii. 120 Mahâbhârata. _See_ Arnold, Edwin Mahomet's mother, i. 496 Mahommedans and art, ii. 226 Maistre, Xavier de, i. 369 Maitland, Edward, ii. 220 Majorities, ii. 392 Majuba, ii. 335 Malabari, Behramji M., ii. 406, 455 Malibran, M. F. G., i. 24 Mallet, Sir Louis, ii. 274, 288, 292 _n._ Malta, Hospital for Incurables, i. 423; Military Hospital, ii. 65; Sir H. Storks and, ii. 77 Malvern, F. N. at, i. 82, 118, 380, 381, ii. 162 Manchester, Mr. Adshead and, i. 424; Art Treasures Exhibition (1857), i. 372; Royal Infirmary, i. 425 Manin, Daniele, ii. 118 Manning, Cardinal, meets F. N. at Rome (1847-48), i. 80; gives her introductions in Paris, i. 124, 127; friendship with, i. 266, 491, 502; dispute with, i. 487 _n._; letter to F. N., i. 161; and the Nightingale Fund, i. 250 _n._ Manochjee Cursetjee, ii. 178 Marriage, F. N.'s view of, i. 66, 380-381, 505; nurses and, ii. 193; Plato and, ii. 224 Marshall, Professor Alfred, ii. 397 Marston, Dr. J., ii. 375 Martin, James, i. 469 Martin, Sir James Ranald, i. 328, 332, 360, 365, ii. 14, 19, 33 _n._, 296 Martin, Sir Theodore, _Life of the Prince Consort_, i. 257, 324, 338 _n._ Martineau, Harriet, friendship with F. N., i. 386; correspondence and co-operation with, i. 385, 448, 494, ii. 6, 30, 35, 75; _England and her Soldiers_, i. 386. _See also_ Daily News Marylebone Infirmary, ii. 256, 326 Masses, the, ii. 219 Massey, W. N., ii. 56 Maurice, Rev. F. D., i. 266 Mayo, Earl of, Viceroy, sees F. N. and corresponds with her (1868), ii. 168; Indian administration, ii. 169; assassinated, ii. 213; his Statistical Survey, ii. 25; F. N. on, ii. 168; Sir B. Frere on, ii. 167; Lord Stanley on, ii. 169 Mayo, Lady, ii. 168 Medical Profession, opposition to F. N.'s nurse training school, i. 462, 466, 467; prejudice against female war nurses (1854), i. 168-9 Medical Staff Corps Scheme (1855), i. 229 Mehemet Ali, i. 87 Melbourne, Lord, i. 25, 26, 336, 454 Memphis, i. 369 Menzies, Dr., i. 156, 202, 247 Mesmerism, i. 37 Metropolitan Asylum District, ii. 139 Metropolitan Common Poor Law Fund, ii. 139 Metropolitan Local Government Select Committee, ii. 106, 133 Metropolitan Nursing Association, ii. 253, 256, 355 Metropolitan Poor Act (1867), ii. 124, 139 Meyer, Dr., i. 192 Mhow Court-Martial, ii. 70 Michael Angelo, i. 71, 72, 73, 76, ii. 294, 306, 313 Microbes, ii. 452 Middlesex Hospital, i. 140, 433 Midleton, Lord, i. xxviii _n._ Midwives, training of, i. 464; career for women, ii. 197 Mignet, F. A. M., i. 21, 26 Mill, John Stuart: admiration for F. N., i. 470; reads and annotates her _Suggestions for Thought_, i. 470, 471, 472, 473, 475, 477 _n._; asks her to join Woman's Suffrage Society (1867), ii. 215; appeals to her to come out into the open, ii. 215, 217-18; her desire to please him, ii. 221; death of, ii. 221, 222; her appreciation of, ii. 221; letters to F. N., i. 471, 472, 473, 478, 481, ii. 26, 215, 217; works of:-- _Autobiography_, ii. 316; _Logic_, i. 469; _Subjection of Women_, i. 471 _n._, ii. 221; Indian sanitation and, ii. 22, 217, 316; Metropolitan Local Government and, ii. 106; Poor Law reform and, ii. 133, 138 Millbank, i. 392 Milman, Dean, i. 385 Milnes, R. Monckton (Lord Houghton): friend of the Nightingale family, i. 34, 141; speech at meeting of Nightingale Fund (1855), i. 269, 270; on F. N. at Scutari, i. 181, 238; introduces her to Lord Stanley (1857), i. 339; letters to F. N., i. 121, 339, 454 _n._, ii. 5; various references, i. 58, 62, 65, 338, 484, ii. 69, 76, 166, 235, 289; _Life of_, by T. W. Reid, quoted, i. 58, 62, 141, 238 Milnes, Mrs. R. M., i. 280 Milton, John, i. 351, 479, 481, ii. 426; quoted, ii. 294, 300, 319 Milton, Mr. (War Office), i. 330 "Minding Baby," i. 456 Ministers, and their permanent officials, i. 354 Miracles, i. 407 Mitchelson, Miss, ii. 260 Mitra, S. M., _Life and Letters of Sir John Hall_, i. 169. _See also_ Hall Moffat, Dr., ii. 304 Mohl, Julius, friendship and marriage (1847) with Mary Clarke, i. 21; friendship with F. N., i. 132, 133, ii. 317, 319; letter to F. N., ii. 236-237; death, F. N.'s appreciation of, ii. 317, 319; on Mr. and Mrs. Bracebridge, ii. 236; on Mr. Nightingale, ii. 235; on Omar Khayyám, ii. 95; various references, i. 433, 478, 489, 506, ii. 89, 96, 296, 390 Mohl, Madame (Mary Clarke), character of, i. 19-20; meets F. N. (1838-39), i. 20; friendship with her and the Nightingale family, i. 20; marriage of, i. 21, 66; death, ii. 352; letters: to F. N., ii. 312; to her husband, ii. 307; her _Madame Récamier_, ii. 13, 14, 15, 16; various references, i. 81, 124, 128, 486, 499, 505, ii. 301 Mohl, Robert, i. 66 Molière, ii. 317 Monson, Lord, ii. 362 Montagu, Hon. E. S., i. xxviii Monteagle, Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Lord, i. 25 Monteagle, Lady, i. 134, 140 Monteagle, 2nd Lord, and Lady, ii. 412 Montreal, soldiers' institute, i. 397, ii. 76; General Hospital, ii. 256 Moonrise upon the spiritual world, i. 49 Moore, Mrs. Georgiana (Mother Superior of the Bermondsey Nuns), her service in the Crimean War, i. 248, 253, 294, 299; F. N.'s affection and admiration for, i. 299; lends F. N. religious books, ii. 81, 231 Moore, Sir William, ii. 378 Moore, Mrs. Willoughby, i. 174 Moral Law, i. 56 Morant, Sir Robert, ii. 386 Morley, Earl of, ii. 337 Morley, John, Viscount, _Popular Culture_, ii. 317 Morpeth, Lord, ii. 317 "Muddling through," i. 311, 431, 432 "Muff," the, i. 436; the Muffs, ii. 4 Muir, Sir William, ii. 253, 279 Münster, Friederike (Frau Fliedner), i. 109 Murray, Lady Caroline, i. 134 "Mysterious," F. N. on the word, i. 484 Mysticism, Mystics, F. N. on, ii. 231, 232-5, 366; Jowett on, ii. 231, 232
Naoroji, Dadabhai, ii. 332 Napier and Ettrick, Lord, Secretary, British Embassy, Constantinople, sees F. N. at Scutari, ii. 112, 169, 170; Governor of Madras (1866), ii. 112; sees F. N. before going out, ii. 112; interest in sanitary reforms, ii. 169; communications on, with F. N., ii. 274, 299; F. N. inscribes a book to, ii. 171 _n._; on F. N.'s house, ii. 300; letters to F. N., ii. 112, 169, 170 Napier and Ettrick, Lady, ii. 170 Napier of Magdala, Lord, sees F. N. before going out to India as Commander-in-Chief, ii. 175, 176; communications from India with her, ii. 276; his sanitary reforms, ii. 277, 279, 280; F. N. on, ii. 175; Sir B. Frere on, ii. 175 Napoleon I., i. 374 Napoleon III., i. 18, ii. 92 Nash, Mrs. Vaughan, i. viii Natal, hospitals in, ii. 337, 342 National Aid Society, ii. 347 _National Review_ (1863), ii. 35 National Training School for Cookery, ii. 326 Naughtiness, pleasures of, i. 11 _Nazione_, ii. 116 Neander, ii. 12 Necessity, i. 482. _See also_ Free Will Needle Gun, ii. 105 Netley Hospital, plans of, submitted to F. N. (1856, 1857), i. 327, 331; her fight for the "pavilion" system, i. 340; appeal to Lord Palmerston, i. 341; partial alterations, i. 342; second fight for the pavilion (1858), i. 383; female nurses at, ii. 66, 186, 256; staff appointments, ii. 70; Army Medical School (_q.v._) at, i. 392 Neurasthenia, i. 493 Newcastle, Duke of (Secretary for War, 1854-55), i. 149, 155, 217; issues Commission to visit war hospitals, i. 176, 201, 202; Secretary for Colonies (1860), issues circulars for F. N., ii. 78 Newcastle-on-Tyne, address to F. N. from (1856), i. 320; barracks, ii. 406-7 Newport, Lady, i. 372 New Zealand, contribution to F. N.'s Crimean fund, i. 270; depopulation, ii. 440; sanitary instructions for, ii. 70 Nicholson, G. T., i. 29 Nicholson, Hannah, i. 29, 46, 47, 53 Nicholson, General Sir Lothian, i. 261, 371 Nicholson, Marianne (Lady Galton), i. 24, 25, 29 Nightingale, Florence. [(1) Chronological, movements, incidents, etc.; (2) work during the Crimean War; (3) relations with Sidney Herbert; (4) work for the Army; (5) work for Hospitals and Nursing; (6) work for India; (7) character; (8) _personalia_; (9) religious views; (10) miscellaneous; (11) letters; (12) printed writings.]
(1) _Chronological_, movements, incidents, etc.:-- Ancestry, parentage, name, i. 3, 4-7; relations, the family circle, i. 10, 29 1820: birth at Florence, christening, i. 4 1820-37: childhood and education:--early homes: Kynsham Court (Hereford), i. 9; Lea Hurst (Derby), i. 9; Embley (Hants), i. 9; nursing dolls, childish prescription, i. 14; country life, i. 10; early letters, visit to London (1830), i. 10; a morbid child, i. 11; given to dreaming, i. 14, 16; her first governess, i. 11; shyness, i. 12; education by her father, history, classics, etc., i. 12, 13; first aid to a wounded dog (1836), i. 14; sense of a call (1826), i. 15; a call from God (1837), i. 15 1837-39: sojourn abroad, i. 16-22; itinerary, i. 16; gaieties in Italy, i. 19; visit to Florence, i. 18; interests at Geneva, i. 17-18; winter in Paris, Miss Clarke's _salon_, i. 19-22 1839: the London season, i. 24; the charm of Embley, i. 27 1839-47: home life, i. 23-45, 59 _seq._; social pleasures, i. 23; "emergency man," i. 31; desire to shine in society, i. 39; social attractiveness, i. 37, 39; intellectual interests, i. 43; discontent with restricted home life, i. 40-45, 63-4 1841: private theatricals at Waverley Abbey, i. 32; consecration of Leeds Church, i. 55 1843: occupations in London, i. 34; company at Embley, i. 36; dinner parties, i. 38; illness and spiritual crisis, friendship with Miss H. Nicholson, i. 46 _seq._ 1844: visit from Dr. and Mrs. Howe at Embley, i. 37; nursing schemes, i. 29, 43 1845: nursing her father's mother, i. 31, 49; death of her nurse, i. 31; country-house visits, i. 36; housekeeping, i. 42; nursing plan disallowed, i. 44; bitter disappointment, i. 59; increasing sense of a vocation, i. 60, 68 1846: friends, i. 35; happy time at Lea Hurst, i. 53, 64; inquiries about nursing sisterhoods, i. 63; hears of Kaiserswerth, i. 63 1847: London amusements, i. 65; visit to Oxford, i. 65; country-house visits, i. 65 1847-48: winter in Rome, i. 69, 70, 105; Michael Angelo in the Sistine, i. 71; interest in Italian politics, i. 74-6; studies in the Convent of the Trinità de' Monti, i. 77-9; friendship with Sidney Herbert and his wife, i. 79; acquaintance with Manning, i. 80 1848: the London season, i. 80; distaste for society, i. 81; plan to visit Kaiserswerth disappointed, i. 82; the cure at Malvern, i. 82, 118 1849: Ragged School work, i. 82; parental restrictions, i. 83 1849-50: winter in Egypt, i. 84-6; with the French Sisters at Alexandria, i. 87; spring at Athens, i. 87-9; interest in Greek politics, i. 89-90; with American missionaries, i. 91; visit to Corfu, i. 90; Dresden and Berlin, study of hospitals, i. 91-2; first visit to Kaiserswerth, i. 92-3, 105; literary temptation resisted, i. 93-4; self-devotion to the sick, i. 93, 95; opportunities of marriage, devotion to the single life, i. 96-103 1851: increasing dissatisfaction with home life, i. 104-7; sense of vocation, i. 106; resolve to declare her independence, i. 107; second visit to Kaiserswerth, i. 108-15 1852: the water-cure at Umberslade, i. 116-17; meets George Eliot and Mrs. Browning, i. 118; visit to Ireland, study of hospitals, i. 118; to Sir James Clark, i. 118; nurses her "Aunt Evans," i. 118; occupied in writing _Suggestions for Thought_, i. 119-22; "call to be a saviour" (May 7), i. 43; recasts her beliefs, i. 469, 488; plan for hospital-study in Paris, delayed by her parents, i. 122-126 1853: visit to Paris (Feb.), study in hospitals, i. 127; return to England to nurse her grandmother, i. 128; negotiations with Committee of the Harley Street Hospital for gentlewomen, i. 129-130; return to Paris (May), enters a Maison de la Providence, i. 131; attack of measles, i. 132; return to London, enters Harley Street Hospital as superintendent, i. 133 1853 (Aug. 12)-1854 (Oct.): work in Harley Street, i. 133-139; a holiday at Lea Hurst (Aug. 1854), meets Mrs. Gaskell, i. 139; return to nurse cholera cases at Middlesex Hospital, i. 140; resumes work in Harley Street, i. 140; negotiations with King's College Hospital, i. 141 1854: Battle of the Alma (Sept. 20), i. 145; attention called to nursing deficiencies (Oct. 9), i. 146; F. N. informs Sidney Herbert of her scheme for going out with a party of nurses (Oct. 14), i. 150; letter from him, crossing, asking her to go for the Government (Oct. 15), i. 151; expedition arranged (Oct. 16), i. 155; official appointment and instructions (Oct. 19), i. 155; preparations, i. 158-60; expedition leaves London (Oct. 21), i. 162; journey through France, i. 162-3; F. N. lays in stores at Marseilles, i. 162, 205; sails for Constantinople (Oct. 27), i. 164, 166 _seq._ 1854 (Nov.)-1855 (May): Scutari:--arrival at Constantinople (Nov. 4), i. 171; arrival at Scutari (Nov. 4), i. 181; work in receiving and tending the sick and wounded, i. 181-8; arrival of second party of nurses under Miss Stanley (Dec.), i. 188 1855: first visit to the Crimea:--leaves Scutari (May 2), i. 254, 255; arrival at Balaclava (May 5), i. 251; visit to the front, i. 257; work in the hospitals, i. 258; attack of fever, i. 258, 371; out of danger (May 24), i. 259; public anxiety and sympathy, i. 264; visit from Lord Raglan, i. 259; returns to Scutari, convalescence at Therapia, i. 260; at Scutari, evening walks, i. 262 1855 (Aug.-Oct.): resumes work at Scutari (Aug.), i. 261, 262 1855 (Oct.-Nov.): second visit to the Crimea:--leaves Scutari for Balaclava (Oct. 9), i. 283 1855 (Nov.)-1856 (March): resumes work at Scutari, cholera patients, i. 283; Christmas at the Embassy, i. 296 1856 (March-July): third visit to the Crimea:--leaves Scutari for Balaclava (March 21), i. 283 1856: return to Scutari (July), i. 283; leaves Scutari for England (July 28), i. 283; declines offer of man-of-war, i. 302; travels incognito, i. 303; her spoils of war, i. 304; night in Paris (Aug. 4), 1. 303; arrival in London (Aug. 5), i. 303; visit to the Bermondsey Convent, i. 304; arrives unobserved at Lea Hurst (Aug. 7), i. 304; sojourn there, i. 307, 318-20; meets S. Herbert at Atherstone (Sept.), i. 313; resolve to devote herself to reforms for the health of the army, i. 313-18; invited to Balmoral (Aug. 23), i. 321; plans for interview with the Queen and Prince, resolve to obtain a Royal Commission, i. 321-3; confers with Sir J. McNeill at Edinburgh (Sept. 15), inspects hospitals, i. 321; reaches Sir J. Clark's house, Birk Hall (Sept. 19), i. 324; introduced to Queen Victoria at Balmoral (Sept. 21), i. 324; visited by the Queen at Birk Hall (Sept. 23), i. 324; conversations with the Queen and Prince, i. 324-325; requested by the Queen to stay to meet Lord Panmure, i. 325; command visit to Balmoral (Oct.), i. 326; conversations and negotiations with Lord Panmure, i. 327; confers again with Sir J. McNeill at Edinburgh, i. 328; return to Lea Hurst (Oct. 15), i. 328; settles at Burlington Hotel, London (Nov. 2), i. 328; scheme for the Royal Commission, i. 328; interview with Lord Panmure (Nov. 16), i. 329; delays, further interview with Lord Panmure (Dec.), i. 335 1857: living at the Burlington, i. 372; inspects Haslar Hospital (Jan.), i. 348; inspects hospitals at Chatham (April), i. 349; inspects London hospitals, i. 350; working at _Notes on the Army_, i. 342; visits Sir J. McNeill at Edinburgh (April), i. 342; Lord Panmure calls to settle Royal Commission (April 27), i. 354; work for the Royal Commission, i. 355 _seq._; gives evidence to Royal Commission, i. 359; work for the Sub-Commissions, i. 365, 366; over-work, refuses rest, i. 364; offers to go to India, i. 371; ill at Malvern (Aug., Sept., Dec.), i. 366, 367, 369, 371; courted in counterfeit at Manchester, i. 372 1858: health, movements, i. 380, 381; elected to the Statistical Society, i. 387; asks to be relieved of Nightingale Fund (March), i. 457; issues _Notes on the Army_, i. 384; and _A Contribution_, etc., i. 386; work on London barracks, i. 381 1859: continued illness, expectation of early death, i. 491; devises scheme for Nightingale School, i. 457; publishes _Notes on Hospitals_, i. 417; _Notes on Nursing_, i. 448; work on Hospital Statistics, i. 430; revises _Suggestions for Thought_, i. 469, 470; secures Royal Commission for India and works for it, ii. 21, 22, 23 1860: correspondence on Census Bill, i. 435-8; interest in International Statistical Congress, i. 431, 432; work for Nightingale School, i. 462 _seq._; visit from Clara Novello, i. 500 1861: work on Surgical Statistics, i. 434; correspondence with Jowett, i. 477; correspondence with Mr. Rathbone on district nursing, ii. 124; death of Sidney Herbert (Aug. 2), grief and seclusion, i. 406, ii. 3, 4; retires to Hampstead (Aug.-Oct.), ii. 3; writes Memoir of him, i. 408; secures some of his intended reforms, ii. 5, 6, 7; returns to London (Nov.), ii. 8; work in connection with American Civil War, ii. 8, 9, 10; grief at death of A. H. Clough, ii. 11; serious illness (1861-62), ii. 16, 17 1862: residences, ii. 24; friendship with Jowett, ii. 96; work for the Indian Commission, ii. 24, 25, 31; work for the War Office, ii. 76; writes on C.D.A., ii. 74 1863: ill-health, ii. 81; writes on Native Races, ii. 79; work for the War Office, ii. 65, 66, 67, 73, 76; work on Report of Indian Commission, ii. 32, 41, 81; replies to criticisms of its Report, ii. 54; sends Indian paper to Social Science Congress, ii. 53; sees Sir John Lawrence, Dec. 4, ii. 44, 45; drafts Indian sanitary code, i. 42, 46 1864: writes instructions for her death, ii. 103; sees Garibaldi, ii. 90; writes on Native Races, ii. 79; work for War Office, ii. 68, 70, 71; interposes to secure advance in Indian sanitary reform, ii. 48; work for Mr. Rathbone and Liverpool nursing, ii. 125-6; approaches Mr. Villiers on Poor Law Reform, ii. 130 1865: ill-health, ii. 89; organizes defence of Herbert against Panmure, ii. 68; writes scheme for small ownership, ii. 92; writes scheme for nursing in India, ii. 55; writes memorandum on Indian municipalities, ii. 56; distributes pamphlet on water-tests for India, ii. 56; various Indian sanitary work, ii. 55-6; work for Poor Law Reform, ii. 131, 132 1866: ill-health, ii. 106, 112; work for the War Office, ii. 71; a double disappointment, ii. 106; Indian sanitary business: story of a lost dispatch, ii. 108, 109; sees Lord Napier, ii. 112; approaches Lord Cranborne on India and Mr. Hardy on Poor Law Reform, ii. 114, 115; negotiation on the latter with Mr. Villiers, ii. 135; consulted in Austro-Prussian War, ii. 106, 116-19; Aug.-Nov. Embley, holiday tasks at, ii. 119 1867: sees Princess Alice and Queen Augusta, ii. 187; determines to advance sanitary organization in India, ii. 147; makes acquaintance of Sir Bartle Frere, ii. 147; opens communications with Sir Stafford Northcote, ii. 150; interviews and negotiations with him, ii. 151 _seq._; goes (Dec.) to Malvern, ii. 162 1868: sees Queen of Holland, ii. 187; anxiety to find a successor to Agnes Jones, ii. 141; Highgate Infirmary nursing, ii. 192; work for the India Office, ii. 162; interview with Lord Mayo, ii. 167, 168; visit to Lea Hurst, ii. 162; resolves to give an hour a day to writing, ii. 163 1869: writes on Poor Law in _Fraser_, ii. 164; sees Mr. Goschen, ii. 166; intervenes to save Army Sanitary Committee, etc., ii. 173; writes memorandum for Lord De Grey, ii. 174; work for the India Office, ii. 181; suggests Indian cholera inquiry, ii. 172; interviews and negotiations with Lord Napier of Magdala, ii. 174, 176; sees Netley nurses, ii. 194 1870: work in connexion with Franco-German war, ii. 198 _seq._; sees the Crown Princess of Prussia, ii. 203; sees the Queen of Holland, ii. 187; letters to Bengal Social Science Association, ii. 178; visits Embley and Lea Hurst, ii. 163 1871: draws up Code for Infirmary nursing, ii. 186; issues _Notes on Lying-in Institutions_, ii. 196; visits Embley and Lea Hurst, ii. 163 1872: out of office, ii. 212, 221, 241; proposes to enter St. Thomas's Hospital, ii. 211; literary work for Jowett, ii. 225 _seq._; visits Embley, ii. 163; sees W. Clark on Indian sanitation, ii. 177; interviewing nurses, etc., ii. 249 _seq._ 1873: work on the Mystics, ii. 232; interviewing nurses, ii. 257; writes Papers in _Fraser_, ii. 219; sends Paper on "Life or Death in India" to Social Science Congress, ii. 181; with Madame Mohl and Jowett at Lea Hurst, ii. 307 1874: work on the Mystics, ii. 232; interrupted by death of her father, ii. 235, 237-8, 260; Indian work, ii. 276 _seq._, 295; at Claydon and Lea Hurst with her mother, ii. 310 1875: work on Indian irrigation, ii. 286, 287; at Norwood with her mother, ii. 310-11; at Lea Hurst, ii. 311 1876: writes on District Nursing, ii. 253; intervenes to save the Army Medical School, ii. 318, 319 1877: letters on Indian famine, ii. 284, 449; at Lea Hurst, ii. 450 1878: consulted on possible war with Russia, ii. 253; sees Mr. Stanhope, ii. 289; writes Paper on Social Work, ii. 450; various writings on India, ii. 290, 451; correspondence with Lord Cranbrook, ii. 291 1879: communications on India with Mr. Gladstone, ii. 292, 293; various writings on India, ii. 451-2 1880: death of her mother, ii. 323; at Ramsgate and Seaton, ii. 324; interest in the elections, ii. 325; writes to the Queen on India, ii. 324-325; makes General Gordon's acquaintance, ii. 327; appeals to Mr. Childers about military nursing, ii. 328; at Claydon, ii. 324 1881: at Seaford, ii. 324 _n._; seeing nurses, ii. 326; communications with General Gordon, ii. 328, 329; Indian work, ii. 330; sees Lord Roberts and Sir M. Grant-Duff, ii. 333 1882: visits St. Thomas's Hospital, ii. 326; sees nurses on war-service, ii. 335; obtains Committee on Army Hospital Service, ii. 337; Indian work, ii. 330; correspondence with Arnold Toynbee, ii. 333-334; sees return of the Guards, ii. 335; attends a review and opening of the Law Courts, ii. 336 1883: Army Hospital Service work, ii. 338; Royal Red Cross conferred, correspondence with Queen Victoria, ii. 339; Indian work, ii. 342 1884: sees Lord Dufferin, ii. 343; communicates with Mr. Gladstone on India, ii. 345 1885: sees Soudan nurses, ii. 347 _seq._; sees Lord Reay, Lord Roberts, and others, ii. 369; work for "Lady Dufferin's Fund," ii. 370 1886: sees Lord Cross and Mr. W. H. Smith, ii. 368, 373; appeals to Lord Dufferin on Indian Sanitary Commissions, ii. 372; sees Lord Ripon, ii. 369 1887: her "Jubilee" year, ii. 353; consulted on "Jubilee Nursing Institute," ii. 355; on nurses for India, ii. 370; selection of new matron at St. Thomas's, ii. 353, 354; eyesight troubling her, ii. 415; Jowett ill at South Street, ii. 394-5; Indian work, ii. 375, 377 1888: Indian work, ii. 377; sees Lord Lansdowne, ii. 376-7 1889: a New Year's Greeting, ii. 393; the Nurses' Battle, ii. 360; writes retrospect of her Indian work, ii. 380 1890: death of her sister, ii. 382; proposed Statistical professorship, ii. 395 1891: the Nurses' Battle, ii. 361; organizes Indian representation at International Health Congress, ii. 378; interest in Siamese affairs, i. 386 1892: the Nurses' Battle, ii. 361-362; letter to Lord Cross on a scheme of Indian sanitation, ii. 379; organizes Health Lectures, etc., in Bucks, ii. 384 1893: the Nurses' Battle, ii. 364; sees the Empress Frederick, ii. 357 1894: sees Lord Elgin's private secretary, ii. 405; death of Sir H. Verney and Mr. Shore Smith, ii. 399 1895: full of work, ii. 404; memory begins to fail, ii. 415; nurses' registration question, ii. 411-12; interest in army matters, ii. 406; writes to Duke of Cambridge on his retirement, ii. 407 1896: makes her Will, i. v; thoughts on All Souls Day, ii. 414; nursing correspondence, ii. 412; appeals to Mr. Chamberlain about Hong Kong barracks, ii. 407 1897: "soaked in work," ii. 404; nursing correspondence, ii. 412; C.D.A. appeal, ii. 408; writes to Crimean veterans, ii. 404; makes a Codicil, records her Indian negotiations, i. v Old age: vigorous, ii. 404-5; gradual failure of powers, ii. 416; greater acquiescence, ii. 405, 414; interest in the army, i. 282; bent on improvements, ii. 272, 418 1898: nursing work, ii. 412; thoughts on Waterloo Day, ii. 410; sees Aga Khan, ii. 405 1899: thoughts on the Boer War, ii. 411 1900: congratulatory addresses, etc., ii. 419 1902: has a companion, ii. 416 1907: receives Order of Merit, ii. 418 1908: receives Freedom of the City, ii. 418 1910: death and burial, ii. 422; memorials, ii. 422 _n._
(2) _Work during the Crimean War_:-- _Generally_: amount and power of work, i. 234, 240, 295; attendance on sick and wounded, i. 183, 235, 236, 237, 238, ii. 334, 408; barrack-mistress and nurse, i. 184; care for nurses' families, i. 198; demeanour, i. 230, 295; "going to Miss Nightingale," i. 231, 232; idolized by the men, i. 237, 238; letters to and from their relatives, i. 238-40; medical obstruction, i. 182; midnight rounds, i. 236, 237; on good conduct of the men, i. 242; quarters, i. 200, 234; religious bickerings, i. 245; respect for rules, i. 210; strict disciplinarian, i. 210; tributes to her, i. 186; visit from the Duke of Cambridge, i. 385; woman's insight, i. 198 _As Administrator_: assumes initiative and responsibility, i. 171, 211, 212, 232; establishes extra-diet kitchens, i. 196; gives supplies to the Allies, i. 204; improves laundry arrangements, i. 195; orders building operations, i. 206-207; purveys for the hospitals, i. 199; on medical requisition only, i. 209; supplies clothing, i. 205; supplies extra diets, i. 201; unties red tape, i. 203, ii. 276 _As Reformer_: begs for stores, i. 219; suggests additional clothing, i. 222; Medical School, i. 229; reform in stoppages, i. 222-3; scheme of reorganization, i. 224, 226-9; sending out carpenters, i. 219; store depôts, etc., i. 221, 222; urges sanitary reforms, i. 219 _As the Soldiers' Friend_: accused of "spoiling the brutes," i. 277; arranges reading-rooms, i. 280-282; care of women camp-followers, i. 197; establishes system of money-orders, i. 278; influence over the men, i. 277, 279; letter-writing for the soldiers, i. 242; organizes a Café, i. 279 _In the Crimea_: ambiguity in her instructions, i. 255, 286; appeals to the War Office for support, i. 290; authority confirmed in General Orders, i. 293; carriage, i. 284, ii. 409, 410; deprived of provisions, i. 291; hardness of the life, i. 284, 291; medical and military obstruction, i. 255, 286, 291, ii. 195 _Results_: an episode, not the end, of her career, i. xxiv, 305; F. N. as Popular Heroine, i. 264 _seq._, 373, 446, 447, ii. 420, 460; step in the emancipation of women, i. xxv, 305, 306; female nursing in military hospitals, i. 305, ii. 410; and _see_ Red Cross
(3) _Relations with Sidney Herbert_:-- First meeting with, i. 79; his sending her to the Crimea, i. 373; close co-operation and almost daily companionship, 1856-61, i. 312, 332, 355, 356, 357, 366, 372, 380, 382, 391, 399, 400, 502, ii. 14, 16; "last letter" to him, i. 373; grief at his death, i. 406, ii. 7, 15, 16; and remorse, i. 407; keeps his death-day (Aug. 2), ii. 89, 94, 199 _n._, 319, 378, 392 _n._; thoughts on reunion, ii. 94; his "official legatee," ii. 30, 60, 68, 72; finishing his work, ii. 39, 98; using his name as a lever, ii. 41; left in charge by her captain, ii. 59; "my dear Master," i. 407, ii. 4, 9; a fellowship in work, ii. 223, 426; general remarks on, i. 411-412; by F. N., ii. 12; Jowett on, ii. 426
(4) _Work for the Army_ and in connection with the War Office:-- Reasons of her influence and employment in this way, i. 312-18, ii. 59-62; the Royal Commission on the Health of the Army (1857), i. 323-61; the Sub-Commissions for carrying out its recommendations, i. 362-74, 387 _seq._; "Advisory Council to the War Office" (1862-65), ii. 64-78; F. N. and War Office patronage, ii. 73, 74, 408; tributes to her services, i. 375, ii. 77. _See also_ Army Medical School, Army Medical Service
(5) _Work for Hospitals_ (q.v.) _and Nursing_ (q.v.):-- Her Hospital experience, i. 416-17, ii. 267-8; call to Hospital work, Army work a diversion, i. 416, ii. 82, 103; consulted on hospital construction, etc., i. 420-7, ii. 185-6, 326; suggestions for Hospital statistics, i. 429-34; position as a sanitarian, i. 416, 419-20, 448; force of her nursing example, i. 446, ii. 126; consulted on Nursing, the Founder of Modern Nursing, i. 439 _seq._, ii. 186 _seq._; work in connection with the Nightingale Training School (_q.v._), i. 456-67, ii. 190-197, 246-72; extent of her correspondence, ii. 262, 326, 335, 350 _n._, 370, 412; personal relations with the nurses, ii. 192-5, 249-52, 254, 257-62
(6) _Work in connection with India_:-- Origin of her interest in India, ii. 19-20, 381; sources of information and study, ii. 27, 273-5; reputed visit to India, ii. 27 _n._; the Royal Commission on the Health of the Army in India (1859-63), ii. 21 _seq._; measures for carrying out its recommendations, ii. 40 _seq._; organization of Health Service suggested, and, to a large extent, carried by her, her three points, ii. 108, 145, 150: (1) distinct sanitary authority in India, ii. 145, 152, 154, 158, 159, 161; (2) sanitary department at India Office, ii. 145, 150, 152, 153, 161; (3) publication of annual reports, ii. 145, 150, 155; her subsequent work as Health Missioner for India: (1) communications with officials, ii. 50, 56, 158, 159, 167-78, 276-83, 333, 369; (2) with Indians, ii. 178-9, 405-6, 382; (3) work for the India Office Sanitary Committee, ii. 179 _seq._; extension of her interest from sanitation to other reforms, ii. 284 _seq._; special interest in Lord Ripon's Viceroyalty, ii. 330 _seq._; effort to obtain increased financial provision for sanitation (1891), ii. 378 _seq._; her retrospect (1889), ii. 381; her record of dealings with Viceroys, etc., i. v; estimates of her services, ii. 18, 57, 58, 107, 160, 61, 184, 380
(7) _Characteristics, personal traits_, etc.:-- General remarks on, ii. 424-34; administrative genius, i. 180, 412, ii. 382; adored by women, ii. 14, 314; application, intense power of, i. 347; army, soldiers, attachment to, i. 282, 295, 373, 374, ii. 336; business-like (_q.v._), methodical, i. 473, ii. 385; calmness of demeanour, i. 160, 320; combination of gifts, i. 372, 453, 478; conversation, i. 38, ii. 305, 307, 308; considerateness, ii. 388; craving for sympathy, i. 113, ii. 13, 16; craving for work, ii. 209, 214, 404; critical, ii. 120; compared with her sister, i. 28; dreaming, i. 40, 91, 92; exacting, a "vampyre," ii. 11, 208, 427; exaggeration, over-emphasis, ii. 238; forgiveness, not prone to, i. 192; gush, dislike of, i. 496; humour, i. 140, 230, 237, 421, 495, 496, 506, ii. 251, 309; impatience of opposition, i. 192; influence upon men, ii. 14, 148, 385-6; intellectual power, i. xxxi, 339 _n._, 372, ii. 130, 308, 327; kindness, tenderness, i. 137, 236, ii. 257 _seq._, 308, 348, 417; "like a man," ii. 15; literary art, impatient of, i. 93-4, 474, ii. 167; literary style, i. 408, ii. 25, 27; many-sided, i. xxx, ii. 239; morbid, i. 50, 81, ii. 11, 241, 243; music, love of, i. 19, 24, 64, 65, 500; pungency of expression, i. 192, 453; pursuing the path to perfection, i. 467, ii. 184, 244, 272, 433; riding, fond of, in youth, i. 64, 257; sarcasm, i. 288, 346; secretive, influence behind the scenes, i. 372, 408; self-abasement, self-accusation, self-examination, i. 49, 81, ii. 120, 240; self-expression and realization, instinct for, i. 43, 64, 82, 100, 468, 485; shrinking from publicity, i. 52, 303; speculative inquiry, taste for, i. 500; statistics (_q.v._), love of, i. 129, 428, 435; sympathy, i. 453, ii. 15, 385, 387; "things," independent of, i. 498; tower of strength to her friends, ii. 314
(8) _Personalia_:-- Allowance from her father, etc., i. 165, 504; books, reading, ii. 82, 94, 95, 417, 426; cats, i. 499, ii. 17, 240, 305; charities, i. 497, 504, ii. 312; communication with friends by notes, ii. 87; dress, i. 39, 296, ii. 305; flowers, i. 499, ii. 306, 388; handwriting, facsimile of, ii. 216; remarks on, ii. 415-16, 457; health, i. 371, 491 _seq._, ii. 38, 39; honours, decorations, etc., i. 274, 302, ii. 119, 202, 339, 418, 420; late rising, i. 106; personal appearance:--Mrs. Howe on, i. 37; Lady Lovelace's poem on, i. 38; Mrs. Gaskell's description of, i. 39; at Scutari, described, i. 230, 234, 296; in old age, ii. 304-5, 307, 349; pictures, ii. 43, 306; places of residence:-- i. 342, 382, 493-4, 497, ii. 24, 84; her room at Lea Hurst, ii. 309; her house in South Street (1865-1910), ii. 300 _seq._ (_see also_ Claydon, Embley, Lea Hurst); portraits, list of, ii. 467-469; secluded rule of life, i. 492, 502, 503, ii. 88, 89, 187, 241, 243; seldom out of doors, ii. 309; servants and housekeeping, ii. 302-303; Commissionaire, ii. 258, 302; voice, i. 38, 186, 335, 493, ii. 417; Will and earlier testamentary dispositions: (1856) i. 294, (1857) i. 374, (1862) i. 477 _n._, (1864) ii. 103, (1896) i. v, xxviii, 237, 297, 306, 400
(9) _Religious views_:-- Development of her views, i. 47 _seq._, 478 _seq._; conformed to Church of England, i. 54, 57; desire to found a religion, i. 119, 469, ii. 366; her God, i. 246; Kingdom of Heaven (_q.v._) within us, i. 307; meditations, ii. 239, 243, 244-5, 352, 415, 429; mysticism (_q.v._), ii. 239, 241, 366; relation to Positivism, ii. 218-19; religion and practice, i. 488; spiritual fervour, i. 489, ii. 239; statements of her creed, i. 307, ii. 243-244; how adjusted to current ideas, i. 485 _seq._
(10) _Miscellaneous_:-- A myth in her life-time, ii. 198, 321; the Legendary F. N., i. xxiv; reputed to be living in St. Thomas's Hospital, ii. 404; an obituary sermon on, i. xxx; August, her fateful month, ii. 353; her helpers, i. 353, ii. 14, 85 _seq._; her pupils, i. 424; her use of the plural "we," i. 373, ii. 85; her "widows' caps" for three great friends, ii. 15, 223
(11) _Letters from Florence Nightingale to_:-- Sir Henry Acland, ii. 318 Dr. T. Graham Balfour, i. 354, 377, 432 A Bereaved Mother (Crimea), i. 239 Henry Bonham Carter, ii. 247, 356, 403, 404 Mrs. Henry Bonham Carter, ii. 66 Miss Hilary Bonham Carter, i. 28, 31, 36, 42, 44, 46, 63, 69, 75, 99, 121, 506 Norman Bonham Carter, ii. 391, 392 Sir William Bowman, i. 183 C. H. Bracebridge, i. 287, 307 Mrs. Bracebridge, i. 300, ii. 103 Lady Canning, i. 251, 257 Edwin Chadwick, i. 319, ii. 284 Sir James Clark, ii. 67, 68 Mrs. Clough, i. 497, ii. 11, 389, 399 Lord Cranbrook, ii. 291 Lady Cranworth, i. 300 Crimean Veterans, ii. 404 Dr. William Farr, i. 433, 435, ii. 4, 8, 23, 45, 92, 94, 111, 112, 238 Florence Committee for Wounded (1866), ii. 106, 116 Sir Bartle Frere, ii. 151, 213, 299 Captain (Sir Douglas) Galton:--(1858) i. 382; (1861) i. 421, 423, ii. 10; (1862) i. 231, ii. 64, 72; (1863) ii. 66, 67, 72, 73; (1864) ii. 47, 48, 49, 53, 58; (1865) ii. 86; (1866) ii. 110, 113, 136; (1867) ii. 147, 149, 150, 152, 153, 155; (1870) ii. 200; (1880) ii. 328; (1883) ii. 338; (1886) ii. 374; (1887) ii. 371; (1889) ii. 371; (1891) ii. 378; (1895) ii. 406; (1897) ii. 404 W. E. Gladstone, ii. 293 Rev. R. Glover, i. 314 Mrs. Hawthorn, ii. 335 Sidney Herbert:--(1854) i. 150 (to Mrs. Herbert, but intended for him), 188, 190, 191, 203, 207, 208, 215, 217-18, 247, 248; (1855) i. 196, 224, 226, 234, 246, 249, 250, 253; (1856) i. 271, 290, 291; (1857) i. 336; (1859) i. 403; a last letter, i. 373 Mrs. Herbert, i. 150, 286, 287 Benjamin Jowett, ii. 222, 224, 245, 359, 365, 366, 396 Sir John (Lord) Lawrence, ii. 44, 50, 157 Colonel Lefroy, i. 219 Robert Lowe, i. 437 Sir John McNeill:--(1856) i. 324; (1857) i. 316, 338, 357, 360, 365, 377; (1859) ii. 22; (1860) i. 119, 120; (1861) i. 404, 405, ii. 12; (1868) ii. 188 Lady McNeill, i. 380 Cardinal Manning, i. 491 Harriet Martineau, i. 385, 407, 412, ii. 7, 19, 30 (telegram), 33, 43, 90, 105, 198, 203 Master of St. John's House, i. 261 Matrons, Sisters, Nurses, ii. 195, 250, 259, 261, 262, 342 John Stuart Mill, ii. 216 R. Monckton Milnes, i. 121, ii. 284 Julius Mohl, ii. 13, 26, 59, 94, 105, 161, 174, 178, 187, 194, 221, 236, 257, 274, 315 Madame Mohl (Mary Clarke), (1839) i. 24, 26; (1841) i. 55; (1843) i. 36, 38; (1844) i. 31, 93; (1846) i. 47; (1847) i. 42, 66, 75; (1848) i. 82; (1851) i. 56; (1853) i. 129, 131, 134, 138; (1859) i. 505; (1861) i. 450, ii. 9; (1864) ii. 89; (1865) ii. 56, 84, 89, 93, 95; (1866) ii. 119; (1868) ii. 126, 141, 162, 425, 426, 430; (1869) ii. 160, 166, 281; (1871) i. xxiii; (1873) ii. 316; (1874) ii. 236; (1875) ii. 311, 316; (1876) ii. 319; (1878) ii. 319; (1881) ii. 326; various dates, i. 412, 473 Mrs. Moore, i. 299, ii. 76, 81, 126, 139 Mrs. Vaughan Nash, ii. 391 Miss Hannah Nicholson, i. 40, 44, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 64, 137 "Nieces," ii. 390 W. E. Nightingale, i. 61 _n._, 117, 135, 136, 307, 406, 481, 482, 484, 486, 503, ii. 62, 209, 300 Mrs. Nightingale, i. 112, 113, 114, ii. 16, 82 Mr. and Mrs. Nightingale, i. 255, 268, 269, 276 Louis Shore Nightingale, ii. 392, 393, 410 Sir Stafford Northcote, ii. 151 Lord Panmure, i. 347 Miss Pringle, ii. 323, 324, 346, 347 William Rathbone, ii. 359, 364 On Miss Sarah Robinson's work, ii. 77 Mrs. Roundell, i. 111 Lord Salisbury (Lord Cranborne), ii. 114, 277 Miss Julia Smith, i. 34 Samuel Smith, i. 324, 401, 424, 495-497, ii. 11, 22 Mrs. Samuel Smith, ii. 353 Mrs. Shore Smith, ii. 388 Dean Stanley, i. 57 Sir Henry Storks, i. 294 Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, i. 194 Dr. John Sutherland (notes and letters), i. 368, ii. 87, 88, 152, 153, 159, 164, 165, 168, 171, 172, 188, 200, 205, 206, 207, 343, 369 Arnold Toynbee, ii. 333 Lady Tulloch, i. 338, 338 _n._ Sir Harry Verney, ii. 45, 362 Lady Verney, i. 85, 125, 277, 374, ii. 430 Queen Victoria, ii. 339, 340 Crown Princess Victoria, ii. 117, 188, 201 War Office, i. 290 Sir William Wedderburn, ii. 404, 453 Miss Rachel Williams, ii. 254, 255, 350 Various, ii. 242, 399 (12) _Printed Writings_:--chronological list of, ii. 437-58; particular pieces:-- _Addresses to Probationers_ (1872 _seq._), ii. 447; general account of, ii. 263-8; quoted or referred to, i. 5 _n._, ii. 202, 247 _n._, 248, 257, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267 _Army Reform ... under the late Lord Herbert_ (1862), ii. 441, 442; how written, i. 408; Mr. Gladstone on, i. 409, 410; quoted or referred to, i. 312, 388 _seq._, 402, 408, 412, ii. 26 _British Medical Journal_ (1892), account of Mrs. Wardroper, ii. 455; quoted, i. 459, 460 _Birds_ (1895), ii. 309, 456 _Can we educate Education in India?_ (1879), ii. 331, 452 _Contribution to Sanitary History of the British Army_ (1859), i. 386, 429, ii. 439 _District Nursing_ (1890), by W. Rathbone, Introduction by F. N., ii. 356, 454 _Franco-German War_, Letter on the (1870), ii. 199, 447 _Health at Home, Health and Local Government_, etc. (1892, 1894), ii. 384, 455, 456 _Health Missioners for Rural India_ (1896), ii. 405, 457 _Hospital Statistics and Hospital Plans_ (1862), ii. 441; quoted and referred to, i. 412, 433 _How People may Live and not Die in India_ (1863), ii. 444; quoted or referred to, ii. 1, 53, 444 _In Memoriam: John Gerry_ (1877), ii. 311, 450 _Institution of Kaiserswerth on the Rhine_ (1851), i. 92-3, ii. 437; quoted or referred to, i. 109, 441, 442 _Introductory Notes on Lying-in Institutions_ (1871), ii. 447; general account of, ii. 196; dedication in, ii. 197, 221; quoted or referred to, ii. 167 _n._, 171 _Irrigation and Water Transit in India_ (1879), ii. 288 _n._, 452 _Life or Death in India_ (1874), ii. 448; quoted or referred to, ii. 181-4, 277 _Letters from Egypt_ (1854), i. 95, ii. 437; quoted or referred to, i. 85, 86, 369 _n._ _Mortality of the British Army_ (1858), i. 376, ii. 439 _Note of Interrogation_, etc. (1873), ii. 447; quoted or referred to, i. 97, 477, ii. 218-21 _Memorandum on ... Sanitary Improvements in India up to the end of 1867_ (1868), ii. 34 _n._, 110, 155, 446 _Note on the Aboriginal Races of Australia_ (1865), ii. 79, 445 _Notes on ... the British Army_ (1858), bibliography, ii. 438; origin of, why never published, i. 343; written 1857, i. 342; issued 1858, i. 384; appreciations of, by:--Duke of Cambridge, i. 384; Dr. Farr, i. 352; Lord Grey, i. 354; Dr. Hurd, i. 345 _n._; Kinglake, i. 343; Sir J. McNeill, i. 344, 346, 474; Harriet Martineau, i. 386; Dean Milman, i. 385; leading principles of, i. 345; scope of, i. 346; analysis of official documents in, i. 346; style of, i. 344, 474; a _tour de force_, i. 347; a landmark in army reform, i. 344; expert advice embodied in, i. 348, 353; quoted or referred to, i. 173, 176, 177, 183, 243, 288, 294, 315, 317, 357 _n._, ii. 20 _Notes on Hospitals_ (1859), ii. 439, 443; scope and influence of, i. 417 _seq._; quoted or referred to, i. 383, 413, 419 _Notes on Nursing_ (1859-60), ii. 439-440, 441; general account of, i. 448 _seq._; appreciations of, i. 448; characteristic of F. N., i. 451 _seq._; influence of, i. 448, 451, 452; J. S. Mill and, i. 470; popularity of, i. 449, 450, 451; profits of, i. 504; recollections of Crimea in, i. 449, 450; quoted or referred to, i. 10, 499, 500, ii. 416, 417 _Notes on Nursing for the Labouring Classes_ (1861), i. 450, ii. 441 _Note on Pauperism_ (1869), ii. 164, 446 _Note on the Supposed Protection against Venereal Diseases ..._ (1863), ii. 74, 75, 443 _Observations on the ... Stational Reports ... in India_ (1863), ii. 442-3; history of, ii. 25, 26, 27, 34, 35, 36; influence of, ii. 158; scope, ii. 27; style, ii. 25, 27, 443; wide circulation, ii. 38 _People of India, The_ (1878), ii. 290, 291, 451 _Proposal for Improved Statistics of Surgical Operations_ (1863), i. 434, ii. 443 _Report of the Royal Commission on the Army_ (1857), F. N.'s evidence, ii. 438; quoted or referred to, i. 220, 240, 359, 360 _Sanitary Statistics of Native Colonial Schools and Hospitals_ (1813), ii. 79, 444 _Sanitation in India_, various articles on, ii. 377, 379, 380, 406, 453 _seq._ _Sick Nursing and Health Nursing_ (1893), ii. 365, 456 _Statements exhibiting the Voluntary Contributions_, etc. (1857), i. 348, ii. 438; quoted or referred to, i. 165, 167, 182, 201, 208, 210, 222, 279 _Subsidiary Notes as to the Introduction of Female Nursing_ (1858), ii. 438; scope of, i. 347; quoted or referred to, i. 293, ii. 204 _n._, 269 _n._ _Suggestions for improving the Nursing System ..._ (1874), ii. 253, 449 _Suggestions for Thought_ (1860), ii. 440; addressed to "artisans," i. 478; general account and argument of, i. 478 _seq._; help of Mrs. S. Smith in, i. 120; literary defects in, i. 472, 473, 474; opinions on, of:--Jowett, i. 471 _seq._; Mill, i. 471, 473; Julius Mohl, i. 478, 489; W. E. Nightingale, i. 503; origin of, i. 117, 119, 477; printed (1860), i. 470; submitted to Mill and Jowett, i. 471; publication abandoned, i. 477; posthumous publication desired, i. 477 _n._; spiritual fervour of, i. 489; tone of, i. 475, 476; quoted or referred to, i. 42, 96, 100, 471 _n._, 476, 478, 480, 485, 486, 489, 490, 504, ii. 84, 428 _Suggestions in regard to ... Indian Stations_ (1864), ii. 444; origin of, ii. 42; issue of, ii. 46, 48, 49; Sir Stafford Northcote on, ii. 155 _Suggestions on ... Nursing for Hospitals in India_ (1865), ii. 55, 157, 444 _Suggestions on providing ... Nurses for the Sick Poor ..._ (1867), ii. 445; account of, ii. 135, 136, 186 _The Dumb shall Speak_ ... (1883), ii. 334, 453 _Trained Nursing for the Sick Poor_ (1876), ii. 253, 449 _Una and the Lion_ (1868), ii. 445; colported by the Crown Princess, ii. 190; influence of, ii. 142, 194; Lord Napier on, ii. 170; quoted, ii. 126, 128, 140-1, 142 _Volunteer Movement_, Letter on the (1861), ii. 441; quoted or referred to, i. 284 _n._, 496, ii. 7, 8 _Water Arrival in India, A_ (1878), ii. 289, 451 _Zemindar, the Sun and the Watering-Pot_ (1874), ii. 449; general account of, ii. 295; maps for, ii. 289, 296, 297 Nightingale, Frances Parthenope._See_ Verney, Lady Nightingale, Louis Shore, ii. 392 Nightingale, Peter, of Lea, i. 3 Nightingale, William Edward (father of F. N.): changes his name from Shore to Nightingale (1815), i. 3; education, i. 12; marries Frances Smith (1818), i. 3; circumstances, i. 7; character, temperament, and views, i. 5, 6, 40, 41, ii. 235, 236; educates his daughters, i. 12, 13; makes inquiries about nursing, i. 60; gives F. N. a separate allowance (1853), i. 130; inclines to give her freedom, i. 123; but is overborne, i. 125; accompanies F. N. to Scotland (1856), i. 324; visits her in London, i. 503; with F. N. at Malvern, i. 380; provides her with a London house, ii. 16; affection and admiration for F. N., i. 123, 138, 503; interest in F. N.'s religious speculations, i. 480, 481, 482, 483, ii. 235-236; friendship with Jowett, ii. 96; death of, ii. 235, 452; letters:--to F. N., i. 138, 260, 380, 483, 503; to others, i. 36, 270, 492-3; various references, i. 20, 499, 506, ii. 88, 116, 303, 391 Nightingale, Mrs. W. E. (Frances Smith), her father, i. 4; brothers and sisters, i. 4, 29; opposes F. N.'s schemes for hospital life, i. 44, 114, 115, 125, 130, 141; "has hatched a wild swan," i. 139; F. N. sees little of (1857 _seq._), i. 380, 503; F. N. spends some months with (1866), ii. 119; (1868) ii. 163; (1874-80) ii. 311, 313; death, ii. 323, 452; character, i. 41, 105, ii. 119; letters: to F. N., i. 161, 269; to a friend, i. 198 Nightingale Fund, the, origin of, i. 268; meeting at Willis's Rooms in aid of (1855), i. 269 _seq._; subscriptions invited in General Orders, i. 273; controversy on, i. 443; the Fund invested, i. 456; scheme for utilizing it adopted (1859), i. 457, 459; purposes to which it was applied:--(1) School at St. Thomas's Hospital, i. 458 _seq._ (_see further_ Nightingale Training School); (2) Midwifery training, King's College Hospital (_q.v._), i. 464; (3) support of District Nursing in London, ii. 355; Reports of, bibliography, ii. 461, 462, quoted or referred to, i. 271, 463, 465, ii. 248 _n._, 256 "Nightingale in the East," the, i. 266, ii. 460 "Nightingale Power," the, i. 214, 332 Nightingale Training School, St. Thomas's Hospital, opened (1860), i. 456, 459; impressions of (1860), i. 462; first year's results, i. 463; novelty of the scheme and medical opposition, i. 466, 467; principles of, i. 460 _seq._:--(1) to give technical training: examination and reports, i. 460, 463, ii. 248; probationers' diaries, 463, ii. 251; cookery lessons, 326; (2) to give moral influence: to be a "home," i. 461, ii. 247; _esprit de corps_, ii. 259; (3) to train nurses who would introduce improved methods elsewhere and train others, i. 461, 463, 466; wide influence of the School in this respect, 465, 466, ii. 125, 190, 192, 194, 254, 256, 326, 335; Home Sister appointed (1874), ii. 248; 50th anniversary, i. 456 _n._, celebrated in America, ii. 421; F. N.'s personal concern in the School, interviews with nurses, etc., i. 463, ii. 246 _seq._, 326, 412. For successive Matrons, _see_ Wardroper, Pringle, Gordon _Nineteenth Century_, ii. 269 _n._, 290 Nobiling, attempt on Emperor William I., ii. 314 _n._ Noel, Gerard, i. 38 Noise, i. 453 "No Popery" agitation, i. 56, 244 North London District Nursing Association, ii. 256 North Staffordshire Infirmary, i. 423 Northbrook, Lord, Viceroy of India 1872, does not call on F. N., ii. 213; letter to her, ii. 214; report on sanitary progress to F. N. through Lord Salisbury, ii. 279; communications with her, ii. 290 Northcote, Sir Stafford (Lord Iddesleigh), succeeds Lord Cranborne as Indian Secretary (1867), ii. 146; calls on F. N., ii. 151-2, 153; commissions her to draft various sanitary papers, ii. 154; letters to F. N., ii. 151, 184; F. N. on, ii. 152, 153; Jowett on, ii. 155; recommends Dr. Farr for "C.B.," ii. 289 _n._ Norwood, a villa at, ii. 311 Novello, Clara (Contessa Gigliucci), i. 447, 500, 501; Sabilla, ii. 441 Novels, ii. 425 "Nuisances Removal Act," F. N. as, ii. 169 _Nunc Dimittis_, i. 492 Nuremberg, A. Dürer at, i. 369 Nurses, Nursing: a calling, not a profession, ii. 365, 366; a Fine Art, 455; a progressive art, ii. 264, 367; as occupation for gentlewomen, i. 117; development of trained, ii. 186; drinking among, i. 117, 442, 444; hints to, i. 453; history of, i. 439-40; F. N.'s place in, i. 440 _seq._; progress of, since her reforms, i. 456; ideal of, in Shakespeare, i. 455; Jubilee Institute, ii. 355; moral influence of, ii. 264; National Pension Scheme, ii. 356; "nursing the well," i. 452; old style of, i. 454; popular qualifications for, i. 454; Registration controversy ("The Nurses' Battle"), ii. 269, 356 _seq._; scope and motives in, ii. 263, 269, 271; state of (1850), i. 61, 442 _seq._ Nurses, Nursing, Female, in the Crimean War: affection for F. N. among the first party, i. 163, 261; "angels without hands" among, i. 246; composition of the first party, i. 158; deaths among, i. 239, 261; difficulty of obtaining suitable women, i. 158, 252; difficulty of maintaining discipline, i. 185, 187; hostility among some of the second party, i. 289; "mainstays" among, i. 299-301; marriage of some, i. 247; no disciple of F. N. among, ii. 14; proselytizing among, i. 249-50; Rules and Regulations for, i. 187, 188; uniform of, i. 183, 186, 187 Nurses, Nursing, Female, in Military Hospitals: introduction of, after Crimean War, i. 194, 347, 373, 392-393; in Egypt, ii. 335, 337, 341-2, 346-52; in India, ii. 55, 369, 407; military prejudice against, i. 149, 167-8; Lord Wolseley in favour of, ii. 341-2; Regulations for, ii. 66, 194; War Nursing Reserve, ii. 365 _Nursing Record_, ii. 363 Nutting and Dock, _History of Nursing_, i. 416, 466, ii. 465
O'Connell, Daniel, ii. 167 Official dilatoriness, ii. 34, 48-9, 147 Old age, last years of life the best, ii. 398, 399, 402, 403, 404 Omar Khayyám, ii. 94, 95 Omar Pacha, i. 231 _n._ Ommanney, Lieut. W. F., ii. 185 _Once a Week_, ii. 35 Opera, F. N.'s love of the, i. 19, 24 Opium, injections of, ii. 106 Order of Merit, conferred on F. N., ii. 418, 420, 469 Orderlies, in hospitals, i. 219, 225, 226, ii. 328, 337, 342, 350, 370, 393 Orders, religious Sisterhoods, etc., i. 57, 62, 424, 425, 432 Osborne, Rev. and Hon. (afterwards Lord) Sydney Godolphin, assists F. N. at Scutari, i. 241; his _Scutari and its Hospitals_, ii. 459; quoted, on F. N., i. 183, 201, 230, 231, 235, 245 Osburn, Miss, ii. 192 Osiris, i. 85, ii. 390 Ossory, the Lord of, ii. 319 Overcrowding, "convenient," ii. 28 Owl, F. N.'s pet, i. 89, 160, 369 Oxford, agricultural education at, ii. 333-4, 394; College meetings, ii. 99; Hebdomadal Council, ii. 99; Greats School subjects, ii. 316; Jowett (_q.v._) and, ii. 322; F. N.'s visit to, i. 65
Pacifico crisis, 1850, i. 89-90 Paddington District Nursing Association, ii. 256 "Padgett, M.P.," ii. 27 Paget, Sir James, on _Notes on Hospitals_, i. 417; on _Notes on Nursing_, i. 448; on Nursing Reform, i. 444; co-operates with F. N. on Hospital Statistics, i. 430, 434; letters to F. N., i. 417, 434, 448, 464; otherwise referred to, i. 499, ii. 355, 363 Pains of Hell, i. 50 Pakington, Sir J., i. 269 _Pall Mall Gazette_, ii. 137, 346 _n._ Palmer, Sir Roundell, ii. 93 Palmerston, Lady, i. 272, 443 Palmerston, Lord, friend and neighbour of the Nightingales at Embley, i. 35, 36, 37; Don Pacifico crisis (1850), i. 90; supports F. N.'s offer to go to the East (1854), i. 151; becomes Prime Minister (1855), i. 217; supports her appeal about drinking in the army (1855), i. 278; asks her to report on her experiences (1856), i. 327; F. N. visits, at Broadlands (1856), i. 341; urges adoption of her views about Netley on Lord Panmure, i. 340, 341; speech on air and sanitation (1858), i. 419; refers to F. N. in speech at Herbert Memorial meeting (1861), i. 410; receives letter from F. N. about Lord de Grey and reads it to the Queen (1863), ii. 30, 31; appoints Captain Galton to War Office at F. N.'s instance (1862), ii. 62, 73; death of, F. N.'s appreciation, ii. 92; "a powerful protector to me," ii. 92; various references, i. 6, 338, 378, ii. 29, 43 Panmure, Lord (afterwards, 1860, Earl of Dalhousie), becomes Secretary for War (1855), i. 217; F. N.'s correspondence with, during Crimean War, i. 222; sends dispatch on religious difficulties, i. 251; discusses her views on drinking in army, i. 278, 279; supports her authority in Crimea, i. 292, 297; thanks her for her services, i. 301; F. N. commanded to meet, at Balmoral (1856), i. 325; negotiations with him there, i. 326, 327; interview with F. N. to settle Royal Commission, etc. (Nov. 1856), i. 329-31; delays appointment of R. C. for six months, i. 331, 334, 335; delays official instructions for her Report for three months, i. 335, 343; issues instructions for _Subsidiary Notes_, i. 346-7; action towards Sir J. McNeill and Colonel Tulloch (1857), i. 337; controversy with F. N. about Netley (1856-57), i. 340-2; calls on F. N. to announce appointment of Royal Commission (1857), i. 354; negotiations with Sidney Herbert for enforcing R. C.'s Report, i. 363; delays appointment of executive Sub-Commissions, i. 364; mentioned as possible successor to Sir G. Lewis (1863), ii. 29; objects to F. N. giving all credit for reform to Herbert, ii. 69; attacks Herbert Hospital (1865), ii. 68, 69; character of, slow to move, etc., i. 322, 330, 378, 386; called "the Bison," i. 325, 365; calls F. N. "a turbulent fellow," i. 378; various references, i. 323, 328, 335, 365 _Panmure Papers_, ii. 465; quoted or referred to, i. 259, 279, 302, 325, 341, 347 Papal Infallibility, ii. 315 Paris, F. N.'s sojourns at, (1838-39), i. 19; (1853) Feb., i. 127-8, June, i. 131; (1854) Oct., i. 162; Assistance Publique, ii. 136; hospital relief at police stations, ii. 51; Maternité hospital, i. 61. _See also_ Sisters Parkes, Dr. E. A., i. 174, 390, 441, ii. 56; last letter to F. N., ii. 317; death, her appreciation of him, ii. 318 Parkes, Sir Henry, ii. 191, 192 Parnell, C. S., ii. 304 Parthe. _See_ Verney, Lady Pascal, _Provinciales_, ii. 316 _Passages from the Life of a Daughter at Home_, i. 63, 94 Passivity in action, ii. 102, 241 Paulet, Lord William, i. 279, ii. 73 Pavilion system of hospital construction, i. 340, 342, 419, 427, ii. 69 Payne, Surgeon-General Arthur, ii. 370, 378 "Pearl," The, ii. 254, 255 Pedro V., King of Portugal, i. 421, 422 Peel, General, Secretary for War (1858-1859), i. 378, 379, 381, 383, 394, ii. 21, 47, 113 Peel, Hon. George, _The Future of England_, i. xxviii Peel, Sir Robert, i. 25, 148, ii. 97, 213; the School of, ii. 392, 403 Percy, Jocelyne, i. 192, 193, 241 Perfectibility, F. N.'s theory of, i. 467, 481, 483, 503, ii. 244, 332, 429 Perry, Sir E., ii. 152 Persiani, Fanny, i. 24, 25 Perugino, devil of, i. 130 Peshawur, ii. 278 Peter of Alcantara, ii. 235 Peter. _See_ Grillage Philadelphia, Blockley Hospital, i. 465 Philippa, Sister. _See_ Hicks Phillips, Sir T., i. 332 Phipps, Colonel Sir Charles, i. 421, 498 Physiology, ii. 390 Pictures, old Italian, i. 47, ii. 310 Pilgrim Fathers, the, ii. 9 _n._ Pills for wooden legs, i. 495 Pincoffs, Dr. Peter, _Eastern Military Hospitals_, ii. 461; quoted or referred to, i. 182, 204, 211, 230, 236 Pio Nono as Patriot Hero, i. 75 Pioneers, honour of, ii. 273 Plants, law of the flowering of, i. 429 Plato, ii. 91, 317, 390; F. N.'s early study of, i. 13; _Gorgias_, ii. 226; _Phaedrus_, ii. 227, 232; _Republic_, ii. 223, 224; _Theaetetus_, ii. 197 Plowden, C. C., ii. 180 Plunkett, Mr. and Mrs., i. 65, 114 Poems on F. N., i. 263, 266, 267, 496, ii. 460. _See also_ Longfellow, Lovelace Police, the London, ii. 393 Political economy, i. 42, 81, ii. 164, 166 Pollock, Major C. E., ii. 466 Ponsonby, Sir Henry, ii. 340 Poor Law Reform, F. N.'s advocacy of (1864-67), ii. 92, 105, 123 _seq._; her article on (1869), ii. 164; her ABC of, ii. 133, 136; parliamentary tributes to her, ii. 132, 239 Poore, Dr., ii. 379 Port Royalists, i. 487, ii. 231 Portsmouth, Soldiers' Institute, ii. 77 Positivism, ii. 218 Pragmatism, i. 488 Prayer, i. 469, 478, 479, 482, ii. 234; the best, ii. 232 Predestination, ii. 234 Press, the, i. 377, 383, ii. 34, 137 _Prince_, wreck of the, i. 221 Pringle, Miss, i. vi, ii. 254, 255, 256, 268, 354, 421 Prinsep, Edward, ii. 288 Prometheus, ii. 390 Prospectuses, i. 110 Protestantism and Catholicism compared, i. 77 "Providence of the English Army," i. 431, ii. 19 Providence of God, i. 486 Prussia, war hospitals (1866), ii. 116, 117, 118; (1870) ii. 204; politics of (1872), ii. 315 Public opinion, ii. 105 _Punch_, quoted or referred to, i. 267, 428, 454 Punishment, ii. 447, 448 Purcell's _Life of Manning_, i. 250 _n._ Pure Literature Society, ii. 310 Purveying system, in Crimean War, i. 199-205, 224 _seq._; new Warrant (1861), i. 395; department abolished, ii. 338, 341 Pusey, Dr., ii. 321 Puseyism, i. 55, 56, 129 Putney Hospital for Incurables, i. 423, ii. 256 Pyne, Miss, ii. 256, 260
Quacks, i. 495 _Quarterly Review_, i. 266 _n._, 377, 484 Queen Alexandra Imperial Military Nursing Service, i. 187 Quetelet, A., _Physique Sociale_, i. 429, 480, ii. 315, 397, 400; F. N.'s admiration of, i. 480, ii. 238 Quinet, E., _Histoire de mes Idées_, i. 469
Raglan, Lord, dispatch on Battle of the Alma, i. 145; welcomes F. N. on her arrival in the East, i. 181; supports her throughout, her feeling for, i. 181-2, 286, 319; F. N. visits at the front, i. 256; his visit to her in illness, i. 259; Kinglake and, i. 319; contrasted with the Duke of Wellington, ii. 410; various references, i. 437, 447 Rameses II., i. 369, ii. 260 Ramsgate, F. N. at, ii. 324 Ranke, Leopold von, i. 36 Raphael, Sistine Madonna, i. 91, 92 Rathbone, William, corresponds with F. N. on nursing reform (1861), ii. 124; founds Training School for nurses in Liverpool, ii. 52, 125; institutes District Nursing there, ii. 125; starts trained nursing in the Workhouse infirmary there, ii. 125; in consultation with F. N., ii. 125, 129; co-operates with her in opposing Registration of Nurses, ii. 357, 361; gives reputed portrait to nation, ii. 467; letters to F. N., ii. 127, 413; tributes to F. N., ii. 127; sends her flowers weekly, ii. 127, 306; F. N.'s tribute to, ii. 124; _Memoir_ of, ii. 125; _Organization of Nursing in a Large Town_, ii. 125; _Workhouse Nursing_, ii. 125 Rations, soldiers', ii. 70 Rats, i. 173 Rawalpindi, ii. 369 Rawlinson, Sir Robert, Sanitary Commissioner in the Crimean War, i. 220, 221; subsequent co-operation with F. N.:--about hospitals, etc., i. 352, 420, 421, 422; Indian sanitation, ii. 33, 46, 269; death, ii. 414; admiration for F. N., i. 352-3; letter to F. N., ii. 165 Reading aloud, i. 41 Reay, Lord, ii. 369, 377 Récamier, Madame, i. 20, ii. 13, 15, 16, 425 Red Cross Movement, i. xxvi, 441, ii. 71, 119, 199, 205, 421 Red Tape, i. 506, ii. 58, 131, 276 Reeve, Henry, i. 157, 377, ii. 85 Registration. _See_ Nurses _Rejected Addresses_, ii. 270 Religion, essence of, ii. 233; external forms, ii. 366 Religious difficulty, the, in Crimean War nursing, i. 156, 158, 159, 169, 244 _seq._, 289 Rembrandt, i. 37 Renan, Ernest, _Vie de Jésus_, i. 486 Renkioi, hospital at, i. 174 Reports not self-executive, i. 362, ii. 33, 40 Republicanism, i. 75, 88 Requisitioning, system of, in military hospitals, i. 204-5, 210, 211 Rhododendrons, i. 9, ii. 258, 309 Rice. _See_ Monteagle Rich, Mr., i. 114 Rich, the, i. 9, 15 Richards, Miss Linda, i. 465 Richelieu, "self-multiplication," ii. 191 Richmond, Sir W. B., portrait of F. N., ii. 469 Righteousness, i. 52 Rigoleuc, Father, ii. 235 Ripon, Marquis of (Lord de Grey), Under-Secretary for War under Sidney Herbert, i. 403, 404, 406; under Sir George Lewis, ii. 5, 62; a sanitarist, ii. 41; offers to help F. N. after Herbert's death, ii. 5; insists on General Military Hospital at Woolwich, ii. 6; secures redefinition of Captain Galton's duties, ii. 6; consults F. N. about Canadian expedition, ii. 9; hopes to reorganize War Office, ii. 63; adopts F. N.'s scheme for Army Sanitary Committee, ii. 65; consults her about Army Medical School, ii. 67; about soldiers' reading-rooms, ii. 76; F. N. agitates for his appointment as Secretary of State for War (1863), ii. 29-31; interview with her, ii. 41; confers with her on report of Indian Sanitary Commission, ii. 37, 38, 46, 47; consults her on a Woolwich appointment, ii. 73; defends Herbert Hospital against Panmure (1865), ii. 69; becomes Indian Secretary (1866), ii. 108; finds a missing dispatch from Sir T. Lawrence, ii. 109; asks F. N.'s views on it, ii. 109; leaves a Minute upon it, ii. 110, 114; attitude on leaving office (1866), ii. 105; intervenes to save Army Sanitary Committee (1869), ii. 173; Viceroy of India (1880), ii. 325; F. N.'s sympathy with his reforms and hopes from them, ii. 323, 330, 331; communications with her, ii. 325, 332, 338, 343; her support of his policy, ii. 332, 333, 334, 339, 453; resignation, her expostulation, ii. 343; her attempts to celebrate his return, ii. 345, 346; suggests his appointment as Indian Secretary (1885-86), ii. 368; sits in the Privy Council to decide "Nurses' Battle," ii. 362; communications with F. N. on India, ii. 369, 372; F. N. on, ii. 152; various references, ii. 73, 74, 162 _n._, 297, 299 Roberts, Lord, i. 315; sees F. N., ii. 333, 369; his reforms in India, ii. 369; letters to F. N., ii. 369, 420 Roberts, Mrs. (Crimean War nurse), i. 185, 259, 294, 301, 458 Robertson, Dr., i. 273 Robertson, R. W., ii. 333 Robinson, Miss Sarah, ii. 77 Robinson, Robert, i. 256 Roden, Lord, i. 152 Roebuck Committee (1855), i. 176, 179, 195 _n._, 198, 200, 203, 214, 217 Rogers, Frederick (Lord Blachford), ii. 80 _n._, 166 Rogers, Rev. William, ii. 228 Roland, Madame, ii. 95 Rolfe, Baron, i. 36 Roman Catholicism: F. N.'s studies in, i. 77; her sympathy with, i. 487 Rome, F. N.'s winter at, i. 69-80; happiness at, i. 69, 105; house where she stayed, i. 70; impressions of, i. 74; Castle of St. Angelo, statue of St. Michael, i. 74, 76; St. Peter's, i. 73; Sistine Chapel, i. 71, 72, ii. 306, 313; study of hospitals at, i. 417; Trinità de' Monti, i. 77; convent of Dames du Sacré C[oe]ur, i. 78, ii. 231; Villa Mellini, i. 73, 76 Romsey, health of, ii. 119; volunteers, ii. 336 Roosevelt, Theodore, _The Strenuous Life_, ii. 417 Rorke's Drift, ii. 267 Rose, Sir Hugh (Lord Strathnairn), ii. 52-4 Rosebery, Lady, ii. 347, 395 Rosebery, Lord, i. 500, ii. 395 Roulin, F. D., i. 21 Roundell, Mrs., i. 111, ii. 456 Royal Alexandra Hospital, i. 392 Royal College of Surgeons, i. 434 Royal Commission on Health of the Army (1857): F. N. decides to ask Queen and Ministers for, i. 323; agreed to "in principle" at Balmoral (Oct. 1856), i. 327; personnel, etc., discussed with Lord Panmure (Nov. 1856), i. 329; delays in appointing, i. 334 _seq._; Royal Warrant issued (May 1857), i. 334, 354, 355; F. N.'s work for, i. 355-60; Report of, ready August 1857, why kept back, i. 360, 361, 363; issued Feb. 1858, i. 377; salient feature of, i. 360; endorsed by House of Commons, i. 375-6 Royal Commission on Health of the Army in India (1859-63), ii. 22; F. N. "importunate-widows" for, ii. 19, 21; personnel of, ii. 21, 22; F. N. drafts circular of inquiry for, ii. 22; collects statistics, ii. 23; sees witnesses, ii. 24; analyses the Stational reports, ii. 25; writes and circulates _Observations_ on them, ii. 25, 26; writes much of the Report, ii. 31; Report of, ii. 33, its bulk, ii. 24, 34, 35, 37; measures for reform recommended, ii. 33; F. N. devises measures for securing adoption of its recommendations, ii. 32; works press for notices, ii. 34; small official edition of, omitting F. N.'s _Observations_, ii. 35, 36, 37; amended edition with the _Observations_, ii. 37, 38; the Report criticised by Indian Government, etc., ii. 54, 55; F. N asked to write _Suggestions_ for carrying out its reforms, ii. 42 Royal Commission on the Poor Law, Report (1909), ii. 124 _n._, 139 _n._, 143 Royal Engineers, officers of, in India, ii. 152, 155 Royalty, ii. 336 Rubini, J. B., i. 19 Rundall, General, ii. 274, 295 Ruskin, quoted, i. xxx, 474, ii. 385, 393 Russell, Lord John, i. 26, 437, ii. 92; defeat of his Government (1866), ii. 104, 109; anecdote of, ii. 110 _n._ Russell, Sir W. H., i. 146; _Life of_, quoted, i. 175 Russia and Turkey, 1878, ii. 319, 320 Rutherford, Dr., ii. 71 Ryots, ii. 285, 295, 451
Sabin, Rev. J. E., chaplain at Scutari, i. 185, 235, 281 _n._; at Aldershot, i. 351 Sacrament. _See_ Communion Sacrifice, i. 139 Sailors' Homes, ii. 52 Saint Angela of Foligno, ii. 235 St. Bartholomew's Hospital, i. 430, 433, 434, 465 _n._, 499, ii. 256 St. Catherine of Genoa, ii. 81 St. Catherine of Siena, ii. 82, 240 St. Clara, i. 439, 440 St. Francis of Assisi, i. 96, ii. 235; _Fioretti_, ii. 219 _n._, 232 St. Francis de Sales, ii. 82 St. Francis Xavier, ii. 82, 235 St. George's Hospital, i. 433 St. Hilaire, Barthélemy, i. 21 St. Ignatius Loyola, i. 96, ii. 272 _St. James's Magazine_, i. 462 _n._ St. Jean de la Croix, ii. 81, 232, 235 St. Jerome, i. 440 St. John's House, i. 158, 159, 186, 440, 444, 464 St. Mary's Hospital, i. 430, 433, ii. 256 St. Paul, i. 47 St. Teresa, i. 439, 440, ii. 82, 231, 235 St. Thomas's Hospital, question of its removal from the Borough (1859-1860), i. 425-6; temporary quarters in Surrey Gardens, i. 266 _n._, 427; new buildings on the Embankment, Queen Victoria and, ii. 246; "pavilion" construction, i. 340, 427; selected for the Nightingale Training School, i. 374, 458 (_see further_ that title); F. N.'s desire to die in, ii. 103; F. N.'s proposal to enter, ii. 211; her reputed sojourn in, ii. 404; her "visitation" of, ii. 247; her actual visit to (1882), ii. 326; various references, i. 430, 433, 499; ii. 303 St. Vincent de Paul, ii. 272 Salève, ascent of the, i. 17 Salisbury Infirmary, ii. 256, 452 Salisbury, Marquis of (Lord Cranborne), F. N. introduced to, by Lord Stanley (1866), ii. 114; promises to consult her on Indian sanitation, ii. 115; resigns office (1867), ii. 146; on little public interest in India, ii. 281; returns to India Office (1874), ii. 276; expectations of what he would do there, ii. 285, 295; F. N. corresponds with, on Indian sanitation and irrigation, ii. 108, 277, 279, 282, 283, 286, 287, 288; a master workman, ii. 295, 448; on Drift, ii. 298; success in the Elections (1895), ii. 392; letters to F. N., ii. 115, 278, 282, 283, 286, 287 Salisbury, Lady, ii. 347 Salvage, Madame, ii. 16 Salvation, i. 488 Sanitary Commission (Crimea), 1855, i. 177 _n._, 219, 220 Sappho's leap, i. 66 Sardinian Army in the Crimea, i. 204, ii. 117 _Saturday Review_, i. 449 _Saul_, Dead March in, ii. 83 Saviours, meaning of, i. 485 Savonarola, i. 97, ii. 391 Scharlieb, Mrs., ii. 333 Schulz (musician), i. 24 Schwabe, Mrs. Salis, ii. 467 Scott, Sir Walter, quoted, i. 233; novels of, ii. 95 Scottish Hospital in South Africa, ii. 411 "Scratting," i. 28, 49 Scutari, situation and view, i. 173, 262; Hospitals at, during Crimean War:--Barrack H., i. 172, 175; atmosphere of, i. 177; F. N.'s quarters in, i. 173, 184; General H., i. 172, 175; Palace H., i. 174, 224; Hospitals at, generally:--deficiencies, i. 177, 225; doctors in, i. 184, 185; improvement, by Sanitary Commission, etc., i. 220, 254; mortality in, i. 178; open sewers, i. 177; overcrowding, i. 177, 184; statistics, inaccurate, i. 429 Sebastopol, siege of, heroism of the men, i. 257, 258, 317; fall of, i. 283, 447 Self-control, ii. 266 Self-sufficiency, ii. 264 Sellon, Miss, i. 159, 424 Service of Man, as Service of God, i. 53 Shaftesbury, Lord, F. N.'s acquaintance with, i. 81; Chartists and, i. 80-81; urges Sanitary Commission (1855) i. 220; President, Social Science Congress (1858), i. 383; Census Bill (1860), i. 436, 438; International Statistical Congress (1861), i. 435; Indian Sanitary Commission (1863), ii. 36; Herbert Hospital (1865), ii. 69; on F. N.'s work, ii. 36 Shakespeare, i. 458, ii. 426; quoted:--_Cymbeline_, ideal of a nurse, i. 458; _Hamlet_, "most deject and wretched," i. 407; Ghost in, ii. 390; character of Hamlet, ii. 426; _King John_, "grief fills the room," i. 407; _Measure for Measure_, "aves vehement," i. 299 Sheffield cutlery presented to F. N., i. 320 Sherborne, Lord, i. 65 Shore, Mary. _See_ Smith, Mrs. Samuel Shore, Mrs. (mother of W. E. Nightingale), i. 31, 49, 128 Shore, William (father of W. E. Nightingale), i. 5 Shore, William, i. 241 Shore, William Edward. _See_ Nightingale, W. E. Siam, ii. 386 Sidney, Sir Philip, ii. 160 Simpson, Sir J. Y., i. 439 Simpson, M. C. M., _Julius and Mary Mohl_, ii. 463; quoted, i. 21, ii. 307 Single Life, the, i. 101 Sismondi, i. 17, ii. 391 Sisterhoods and nursing, i. 44, 62, 63, ii. 270, 272. _See also_ Orders Sisters of Charity, Paris, i. 127, 162, 432 Sisters, Hospital, i. 440 Sisters' Tower, the, at Scutari, i. 184, 200 Small ownership, F. N.'s scheme for, ii. 92-3, 167 _n._ Smith, Dr. (afterwards Sir) Andrew, Director-General of the Army Medical Department (1853-58), presumably responsible for deficiencies in war hospitals, i. 354; his excuse, i. 179; authorizes F. N. to offer to go out (1854), i. 151; evidence before Roebuck Committee (1855), i. 176, 179, 198; a member of the Royal Commission (1857), i. 332; "slips into current of reform," i. 358; "swallows pavilions," i. 342; opposes reform, ascendancy over Lord Panmure, i. 354, 355, 364; objects to F. N. visiting Chatham, i. 349; retires, i. 378, 379; various references, i. 152, 213, 330, 340, 437 Smith, Beatrice Shore (Lady Lushington), i. 499, 502, 504, ii. 4, 11 Smith, Bertha Shore (Mrs. W. Coltman), i. 327 _n._ Smith, Blanche Shore (Mrs. Clough), i. 30, 128 Smith, Deputy Commissary-General, i. 157 Smith, Frederick, i. 11 Smith, Sir Henry Babington, ii. 405 Smith, Julia, i. 34, 66 Smith, Octavius, i. 10, 506 Smith, Colonel Philip, ii. 335 Smith, Robert Angus, i. 78, ii. 56, 134 Smith, Samuel (F. N.'s "Uncle Sam"), Mrs. Nightingale's brother, married to Mr. Nightingale's sister, i. 30; gets consent of her parents to F. N.'s Crimean mission, i. 151, 154; accompanies her to Marseilles, i. 162, 163; manages soldiers' money orders for her, i. 278; F. N. stays with (1857), i. 342; acts as her private secretary, i. 495-7, ii. 86; death, ii. 387; various references, i. 114, 506, ii. 21, 96 Smith, Mrs. Samuel (Mary Shore, F. N.'s "Aunt Mai"), close association with F. N., ii. 15; her "true mother," i. 367; "as two lovers," i. 495, ii. 223; collaborates with her in _Suggestions for Thought_, i. 120, 482; appeals to her parents to grant F. N. her independence, i. 122, 123; takes rooms for her in Pall Mall (1853), i. 133; replaces Mrs. Bracebridge at Scutari, i. 295; accompanies F. N. to London (1856), i. 303; subsequently "mothers" F. N. at Malvern, i. 371, and in London, i. 372, 380, 502; advises her parents to leave Burlington Hotel, i. 503; F. N.'s estrangement from, ii. 15; reconciliation, ii. 15 _n._, 387-8; death, ii. 387; various references, i. 141, 368, ii. 96 Smith, William, M.P., of Parndon, i. 4, 5 Smith, William Adams, i. 33 Smith, Rt. Hon. William Henry, ii. 373, 374, 396 Smith, William Shore, son of Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Smith, F. N.'s affection for him, i. 30, 44, 50, ii. 237; marriage of, i. 505; care of Mrs. Nightingale, ii. 311; assumes the name Nightingale, ii. 392 _n._; death, ii. 399 Smythe, Warrenton, i. 38 Snodgrass, Sister, ii. 393 Social Reform, ii. 219 Social Science Congress, papers by F. N. read at:--1858, Liverpool, Hospital Construction, etc., i. 383, ii. 439; 1861, Dublin, Hospital Statistics, i. 433, ii. 441; 1863, Edinburgh, Aboriginal Races, ii. 79, 444; Indian Sanitation, ii. 53, 181, 444; 1864, York, Aboriginal Races, ii. 79, 445; 1873, Norwich, Indian Sanitation, ii. 181, 448 Socrates, i. 90 Soldiers, employment for, in peace, ii. 411; Institutes, Reading-rooms, etc., i. 280 _seq._, 396, 399, ii. 76, 77, 280, 369; morals of, i. 277, ii. 77; trades, ii. 54, 76; wives:--hospitals for, ii. 70; men's pay and, ii. 27 Soldiers' Home, Aldershot, ii. 5 Solitude, inspiration of, ii. 13, 39 Sophie, Queen of Holland, ii. 89, 187 Sophocles, ii. 229 Sorabji, Miss Cornelia, ii. 394 South, Sir James, i. 35 South, J. F., President of the College of Surgeons, opposition to the training of nurses, i. 443, 444, 445, 466, 467 Southey, ii. 213; _Colloquies_, quoted, 439, 440 Soyer, Alexis, _chef_, goes out to Scutari, helps F. N., i. 196; accompanies her to the Crimea, i. 256; helps her there, i. 258, 285, 303; his _Culinary Campaign_, ii. 461; quoted, i. 257, 283-284; helps her in London barracks, i. 381; death of (1858), F. N.'s tribute to, i. 382 _Spectator_, i. 267, ii. 35 Spencer, Miss, ii. 411 Spenser's _Faerie Queene_, ii. 128 Spielberg, i. 479 Spiritualism, ii. 425 Spitalfields weavers, i. 424 Spottiswoode, William, ii. 34 Spring, the, ii. 17 Spring-Rice, Thomas. _See_ Monteagle Spurgeon, Rev. C. H., ii. 249 Staël Madame de, i. 21, 36 Stafford, Augustus, M.P., goes out to Scutari, helps F. N., i. 242; on his return describes state of hospitals, in House of Commons, i. 177 _n._; gives evidence to Roebuck Committee, i. 242; on F. N.'s work at Scutari, i. 180, 231 _n._, 279; a member of the Royal Commission (1857), i. 332; presses F. N. to give evidence, i. 359 Stagnant women, ii. 247 _n._ Stanhope, Edward, ii. 289, 374, 375 Stanley, Dean, i. 57, 124, 180, 194; _Life and Letters of_, quoted, i. 250 Stanley, H. M., ii. 304; _How I Found Livingstone_, ii. 315 Stanley, Lord. _See_ Derby Stanley, Miss Mary, assists in selection of Crimean nurses (1854), i. 158, 166; conducts a second party of nurses to the East, unsolicited by F. N., i. 188-92, 247; breach in friendship with F. N., i. 192; takes charge of Koulali hospital, i. 193; describes F. N. at work, i. 234; her _Hospitals and Sisterhoods_ quoted, i. 443 Stanmore, Lord, _Memoir of Sidney Herbert_, ii. 465; quoted or referred to, i. 149, 158, 159, 189, 201 _n._, 212, 217, 235, 288, 290, 297 _n._, 328, 331, 334, 364, 390 Stansfeld, James, ii. 186 Statistical Society, i. 387 Statistics, Lord Brougham on, i. 428; Lord Goschen on, i. 428; Governments and, i. 435; graphic method in, i. 352; importance of political education in, ii. 396; F. N.'s devotion to, i. 16, 129, 397, 428 _seq._, ii. 219; her conception of them as religious, i. 435, 480, ii. 396; scheme for founding a Professorship of, ii. 395-7, 400; Lord Panmure on, i. 331. _See also_ Hospitals, International Statistical Congress Steell, Sir J., bust of F. N., ii. 409, 469 Stephanie of Hohenzollern, Princess, i. 421 Stephen, Sir James, _Essays in Ecclesiastical Biography_, i. 4, 5 Sterling, Colonel Sir Anthony, his _Highland Brigade in the Crimea_, ii. 464; quoted or referred to, as illustrating military prejudice against F. N., i. 167, 168, 206-7, 214, 287, 466 Stewart, Mrs. Shaw, one of F. N.'s mainstays in the Crimea, i. 300; Memorial Cross at Balaclava and, i. 294 _n._; proposed by F. N. as superintendent of army nurses at Woolwich, i. 373, 405; at Netley, ii. 66; appointed by Sidney Herbert, i. 395, 406 Stockmar, Baron, ii. 97 Storks, General Sir Henry, succeeds Lord W. Paulet as commandant at Scutari, i. 279; "served with F. N." there, in measures for promoting welfare of the men, i. 279, 281, 294, ii. 77; F. N.'s "last letter" to him, i. 294; his farewell to F. N., i. 301-2; subsequent co-operation with her, i. 350; a member of the Royal Commission (1857), i. 328, 331, 332; influenced by her, ii. 14; appointed to Malta (1864), ii. 77; other mentions, ii. 73, 162 Stovin, General Sir F., i. 26 Strachey, Sir John, ii. 50, 147, 159, 287 Stratford de Redcliffe, Lord, i. 151, 156, 199, 206, ii. 170 Stratford, Lady, i. 206, 296 Strathnairn, Lord. _See_ Rose Strutt, E., i. 26, 34 Strzelechi, Count, i. 410, ii. 38 Stubbs, Bishop C. W., _The Mythe of Life_, ii. 430 _n._ "Stuff," the, i. 471 Style, Jowett on, ii. 296 Sub-Commissions on Army Reform (1857), i. 363 Sultan of Turkey, Abdul Mejid, gives F. N. a bracelet, i. 302 Surgical operations, statistics of, i. 434 Surin, Father, ii. 235 Sutherland, Dr. John [(1) chronological; (2) characteristics, personal relations with F. N., etc.; (3) letters to her; (4) miscellaneous references.] (1) _Chronological_:-- Earlier career, i. 355; head of the Sanitary Commission sent to the East (1855), i. 220; friendship with F. N., acts as her physician, i. 221; on her return to England, becomes closely associated with her in work for Army reform, i. 220, 355, 356; member of the Royal Commission (1857) and in its inner circle, i. 329, 331, 332, 355; one of the Herbert-Nightingale "cabal," i. 365; member of the Barrack and Hospital Commission (1857), i. 381 _n._; and paid member of the permanent Army Sanitary Committee (1862-88), ii. 65; instructed to report with F. N. on Netley Hospital, i. 331, 341; member of Committee on Soldiers' Reading-rooms (1861), i. 396; drafts scheme with F. N. for War Office reorganization (1861), i. 403; member of Commission on Mediterranean barracks (1861), i. 405.--1856-61 generally, constant, almost daily, work with F. N. on all her subjects, i. 372, 382, 391, 420, 421, 422, 494, 502, ii. 9; acts as her physician, i. 492, ii. 17; remonstrates with her on over-working, i. 368; visits her at Malvern, i. 370.--1859-63, as member of Royal Commission on India collaborates with F. N. in its work and subsequent developments, ii. 19, 22, 24, 31, 36, 42 _n._, 46, 54, 56, 109.--1862-66, collaborates with her in various War Office business, ii. 63, 65, 74, 75.--(1865) appointed to report on cholera at Mediterranean stations, ii. 86; visits Algiers, ii. 110; moves to Norwood, ii. 88; questions in the House about his pay, ii. 70;--(1866) visits F. N. at Embley, ii. 119.--Later years: collaboration with F. N. on Poor Law reform, Hospitals, and Nursing, ii. 125, 129, 131, 133, 137, 186, 188, 195, 247, 254, 338; on Indian business, ii. 168, 171, 176, 178, 180, 276, 283, 332, 344, 369; in her books, ii. 164, 166, 167 _n._, 196; his position at the War Office threatened (1869), ii. 173; reports on Aid Society (1871), ii. 200, 203; anxious to retire (1886), ii. 368; F. N.'s anxiety on the "Sutherland Succession," ii. 368, 371, 372; resigns (1888), ii. 375; death (1891), ii. 387 (2) _Characteristics, personal relations with F. N._, etc.:--Called "the Baby" by F. N. and his wife, i. 370, 383, ii. 86; continual help to F. N., ii. 85, 86; deafness, ii. 87; extent of his collaboration, ii. 205-8; value of it, ii. 85; communications between them by notes, ii. 87, 88; one of her "wives," i. 383; his estimate of F. N., i. 372; on F. N.'s illness (1861), i. 492; on Sir John Lawrence, ii. 146; a tiff, i. 382; thought unbusiness-like by F. N., i. 382, ii. 87; scolded by her, ii. 110, 146 _n._, 148, 344; value of his public services, ii. 173 _n._, 372 (3) _Letters to F. N._:--i. 328, 356, 364, 369, 383, ii. 111, 129, 161, 179, 197 (4) _Miscellaneous references_:--i. 373, 374, 400, 505, ii. 24, 51, 89, 113, 116, 117, 149, 263, 302 Sutherland, Mrs. John, i. 370, 382, ii. 24, 86, 89, 103, 111, 302, 469 Swansea Infirmary, i. 423 Swinburne, A. C., _Atalanta in Calydon_, ii. 95; _The Children's Bible_, ii. 228 Sydney (N.S.W.) Infirmary, ii. 181, 191-192, 256 Sympathy, i. 96, 105, ii. 13, 14, 84
Tacitus, _Agricola_, i. 503 Talleyrand, i. 26 Tamburini, i. 19, 25 Tapton, i. 49 Tastu, Madame, i. 21 Taylor, Fanny M., ii. 460 Tel-el-Kebir, ii. 267 Temple, Sir Richard, ii. 274, 332 Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, ii. 94 _n._, 426; quoted, ii. 272 Territorial Force, the, ii. 8 Terrot, Miss, i. 463 Thalberg, S., i. 25 Thames Bank, i. 10 Thebes (Egypt), i. 86 Thermopylæ, i. 317 "They are not here," i. 263, 374 Thiers, i. 21 "Thirty years on," ii. 266 Thomas (drummer boy), i. 256 Thorne, Dr. May, ii. 421 Thornton, W. T., ii. 274, 287 Thucydides, ii. 390 Ticknor, G., i. 20 _Times_ calls attention to hospital and nursing defects, Crimean War, i. 146, 147, 151; organizes fund and co-operates with F. N., i. 165, 196, 199, 201; attacks Chelsea Board (1857), i. 337; advocates the C.D.A., ii. 75; supports Indian sanitary reform, ii. 38, 380; quoted or referred to, on:--F. N. in the Crimean War, i. 162, 164, 213, 269, ii. 455; Austro-Prussian War, ii. 105; hospital nurses (1857), i. 443, 445; in various connections, ii. 4 _n._, 86 _n._, 90 _n._, 165, 253, 298 _n._, 455 Titian, "Tribute Money" (Dresden), i. 369, ii. 294 Tocqueville, A. de, i. 21, 484 Torrance, Miss Elizabeth (Mrs. Dowse), ii. 192 Toynbee, Arnold, ii. 333, 334 Tractarian movement, i. 244 Tracts, F. N.'s "distribution" of, i. 496 Transports, victualling on, ii. 70 Treasury, the, ii. 25 Tremenheere, Mr., i. 114 Trench, Archbishop, "Alma," i. 145 _Trent_ affair, ii. 9 Trevelyan, Sir Charles, i. 157, 225, ii. 23, 26, 27, 56, 63; letters to F. N., i. 423, ii. 18, 26, 40 Trevelyan, Sir George, ii. 304 Trevelyan, G. M., _Life of John Bright_, i. 195 _n._ Trevor, Rev. Dr., i. 4 Trinity, the, i. 486 "Triumvirate," the, ii. 254 Truelove, Edward and Mrs., i. 119, 120 Truth, "not what one troweth," i. 481 Tulloch, General Sir A. M.: commissioner with Sir J. McNeill (_q.v._) in Crimea, i. 257; subsequent co-operation with F. N., i. 315, 321, 328, 389 _n._; controversy about Chelsea Board (_q.v._), i. 337, ii. 352; made K.C.B., i. 331, 338; influenced by F. N., ii. 14; death of, appreciation by F. N., ii. 94 Tulloch, Captain H., ii. 169 Tulloch, Lady, i. 315, 338, 377 Turnbull, Sister Bertha, i. 294 Twining, Miss Louisa, i. 141 Twiss, Sir Travers, ii. 228 _n._
Umballa, ii. 369 Umberslade, i. 116, 118 Undine, ii. 14 United Service Institution, Museum, memorials of F. N. in, i. 274 _n._, 306 _n._, 469 University College Hospital, i. 430 Unseen World, reality of the, i. 47 Upholsterer, an, and F. N., i. 494
Vegetarianism, ii. 390 Venice, ii. 104, 117, 118 Verney, Miss Emily, ii. 199 Verney, Frederick, ii. 334, 346 _n._, 383, 389, 455 Verney, Sir Harry, marries F. N.'s sister (June 1858), i. 380; Bucks County Infirmary and, i. 422; keeps F. N. _au fait_ with affairs, ii. 29; interview with Lord Palmerston on F. N.'s behalf (1863), ii. 30; other missions, etc., for her, ii. 69, 76; lends F. N. his London house, ii. 81, 84 _n._; Poor Law Bill (1867), ii. 138; on Committee of Aid Society (1870-1871), ii. 199; Chairman of Council of Nightingale Fund, ii. 190, 268; entertains nurses for F. N., ii. 304; interview with Mr. G. Hardy on F. N.'s behalf (1876), ii. 318; stands for Parliament again in his 79th year, ii. 325; interviews with Mr. Childers (1880, 1882), ii. 328, 337; takes F. N. to see return of the Guards (1882), ii. 335; accompanies her to the Law Courts, ii. 339; writes to Mr. Gladstone about General Gordon, ii. 329; friendship with Gordon, ii. 329, 330; interviews Sir M. Hicks-Beach for F. N. (1891), ii. 361; F. N.'s affection for, ii. 82; morning visits to F. N., ii. 301; walks with F. N. in the Park, ii. 309; devotion to F. N., ii. 383; vigorous old age, ii. 403; death, F. N.'s tribute to, ii. 399; letters to F. N., ii. 30, 326, 382; various references, i. 498, 506, ii. 8, 24, 164, 235, 324, 339, 350, 357, 373, 375, 421
Verney, Frances Parthenope, Lady [(1) _General_; (2) _Letters_.] (1) _General_:-- Elder daughter of Mr. and Mrs. W. E. Nightingale, i. 3-4; birthplace, i. 4; birthday, i. 429; F. N.'s early letter to, i. 10, 11; a quick pupil, i. 13; on a winter in Paris with F. N. (1838-39), i. 20; temperament of, contrasted with F. N.'s, i. 28, 29; character of, i. 105; attitude to F. N. and her aspirations, i. 69, 84, 104, 105, 114, 115, 125, 126, 138, 141; marries Sir H. Verney (June 1858), i. 380; collects and receives gifts and offers of nurses for F. N. at Scutari, i. 166, 264-6; writes _Life and Death of Athena, an Owl_, i. 160; lives near her sister in South Street, ii. 301; entertains nurses for her, ii. 304; on F. N.'s Indian work, ii. 273; on her sister as "like a man," ii. 15; on her interesting life, ii. 321; affection for her, ii. 382; illness, ii. 324; death, ii. 382; portraits of F. N. by, ii. 468; various references, i. 33, 148, 163, 369, ii. 82, 164, 235 (2) _Letters of_:-- To Madame Mohl, i. 33, 166, 371, 499; to F. N., i. 265, 274, 280, 306, 372; to various friends, i. 62, 154, 155, 159, 198, 252, 259, 261, 264, 280, 304, 305, 320 Verney, Margaret, Lady, ii. 389 Victoria, Queen, accession of, i. 479; the Bedchamber Plot, i. 25; Lord Melbourne and, i. 26; visit t o Strathfieldsaye (1845), i. 37; desires F. N.'s letters from the East to be sent to her (Dec. 6, 1854), i. 215; her letter read in Scutari hospitals, i. 215; and, published in the press, checks sectarian outcry against F. N., i. 245-6; commissions F. N. as almoner of the Royal Gifts to sick and wounded (Dec. 14, 1854), i. 216; sends presents to the nurses, i. 216; writes to ministers on F. N.'s letters, i. 216; consults F. N. as to what help Her Majesty could render to the soldiers, i. 223; writes to ministers about Scutari cemetery, i. 223; has bulletins of F. N.'s Crimean fever, i. 259; presents F. N. with a jewel (Nov. 1855), i. 274, 294, 296; sends print for F. N.'s Inkermann Café (Nov. 1855), i. 281; sends F. N.'s letter to the Cabinet (Dec. 1855), i. 278; F. N.'s expression of help rendered by Her Majesty, i. 294; approves Sir J. Clark's invitation to F. N. to come to Ballater (Aug. 1856), i. 321; F. N. introduced to, at Balmoral (Sept. 21, 1856), i. 324; calls on F. N. (Sept. 26), i. 324; requests F. N. to stay to meet Lord Panmure, i. 325; writes to Lord Panmure about F. N., i. 325; commands F. N. to Balmoral (Oct.), i. 326; her opinion of F. N., i. xxvi, 213, 324, 325; Proclamation to people of India (1858), ii. 324, 331, 340, 381; acknowledges _Notes on Nursing_, i. 450; places hospital beds at F. N.'s disposal, i. 497; the Royal Commission on India (1859), ii. 21; offers rooms in Kensington Palace (1861), i. 498; death of the Prince Consort, ii. 26; reads F. N.'s _Observations_ on India (1862), ii. 26; appointment of Lord de Grey (1863), ii. 29; sends F. N. Prince Albert's speeches, inscribed, ii. 26; choice of Prime Minister after Palmerston, ii. 92; asks F. N. to see Queen of Prussia (1867), ii. 187; sends message to F. N. (1868), ii. 192; lays stone of, and opens, St. Thomas's Hospital, ii. 246; sends message on death of F. N.'s mother (1880), F. N.'s reply, ii. 323; sends F. N. _Life of Prince Consort_, ii. 324; sends message to F. N. at opening of the Law Courts (1882), ii. 336; invites F. N. to Windsor to receive Royal Red Cross (1883), ii. 339; subsequent communications on Army and India, ii. 339-40; devotes Women's Jubilee Gift to nursing, ii. 355; invites F. N. to witness Diamond Jubilee procession, ii. 412; letters to F. N., i. 216, 274, ii. 340; various references, i. 21, 215, 330, 493 Victoria, the Crown Princess (Empress Frederick), sends message to F. N. (1858), i. 384; consults F. N. on Austro-Prussian War (1866) nursing, ii. 116, 117; on Franco-German War, ii. 200, 203, 204; sees F. N. (1868, 1870), ii. 188 _seq._, 203; founds Nursing School in Berlin, ii. 204; lunches at F. N.'s house, ii. 303; later visits, ii. 357, 413; F. N. on, ii. 187, 188; letters to F. N., ii. 118, 189, 204 Victorian Era Exhibition, ii. 408 Village Sanitation, in England, ii. 383, 384; in India, ii. 377 (_see also_ Indian Sanitation) Villiers, C. P., and F. N.'s scheme of small ownership (1865), ii. 93; communications with F. N. on Poor Law Reform (1864-67), ii. 130 _seq._; adopts her scheme, ii. 105, 134; abandons idea of a Bill, ii. 105, 134; attitude to Mr. Hardy's Bill (1867), ii. 135, 138; on F. N., ii. 130, 139 _n._ Vincent, Miss, ii. 256 Virgil, a boy's translation of, i. 129 Virtue, "a second-rate virtue," ii. 95 Vivian, Sir R., ii. 19, 21, 22 Voltaire, ii. 317 Volunteers, F. N. on the, i. 496, ii. 7, 8, 336 Voysey Defence Fund, ii. 200 Vulgarity, i. 424
Waddington, Mr., i. 437 Wady Halfa, ii. 346 Walker, Dr. J. P., ii. 50 Wantage, Lord (Colonel Loyd Lindsay), ii. 199, 337, 434, 457 Wantage, Lady, ii. 409 War, ii. 411 Ward, Sir Henry, i. 90 Ward Island Emigrant Hospital, F. N.'s gift to, ii. 9 _n._ Ward, Lord, i. 260 Wardroper, Mrs., Matron, St. Thomas's Hospital, i. 458; F. N.'s character-sketch of, i. 458; Nightingale Training School and, i. 459, 461, 462, 463, ii. 190, 193, 194, 247, 248, 254, 268, 302, 326; on Agnes Jones, ii. 126; retires, ii. 354 War Office, organization of (1854), i. 248, 249; reorganization of, attempted (1860-61), i. 403, 404; partial, (1862) ii. 62; (1868) ii. 161; obstruction to various reforms, i. 380, 390, 394, 405; after S. Herbert's death undermining his work, ii. 4, 9, 94; F. N.'s sarcasm on, ii. 72; principles of reform, ii. 63-4; F. N. as adviser to (1862-66), ii. 59 _seq._ Washington, George, ii. 91 Water cure, i. 118 Waterloo, battle of, ii. 404, 410 Watts, G. F., portrait of Sir John. Lawrence, ii. 43; of F. N. (unfinished), ii. 469 Waverley Abbey, i. 29, 32 Webster, Sir R. (Lord Alverstone), ii. 362, 363 Wedderburn, Sir William, ii. 332, 371, 378, 379, 404, 453 Wellington, Duke of, ii. 404, 410 Wellow, F. N.'s reply to parishioners of, i. 309 Wensleydale, ii. 101 Werckner, Madame, ii. 202 West Indian colonies, staff-surgeons, ii. 70 Westminster, Duke of, ii. 355, 364 Westminster Hospital, ii. 256 Westminster Ragged Schools, i. 82, 93 _Westminster Review_, i. 377 Wheatstone, Sir Charles, i. 65 White, Blanco, ii. 12 Whitfield, R. G., Resident medical officer St. Thomas's Hospital, i. 185, 458; corresponds with F. N. on removal of the hospital, i. 425, 426; Nightingale Training School and, i. 458, 459, 460; retires, ii. 247 Whybron, Thomas, i. 279 Widows' caps, F. N.'s, ii. 15 Wilberforce, William, i. 5 Wilbraham, Colonel, i. 405 William I., German Emperor, ii. 314 _n._ William II., German Emperor, ii. 420 William IV., i. 479 "William." _See_ Jones Williams, Dr., ii. 17 Williams, Mrs. Margaret, i. 234 Williams, Miss Rachel (Mrs. D. Morris), ii. 255, 256, 260, 347 Wilton House, ii. 4 Winchester County Hospital, i. 422, 423; health of, ii. 119 Wintle, W. J., _The Story of Florence Nightingale_, ii. 466; quoted or referred to, i. 236, 237 "Wiping" Sub-Commission, i. 364, 366, 394 Wiseman, Cardinal, i. 250 _n._, 253 "Wives," F. N.'s, i. 383 Wives and mothers, selfishness of, ii. 15 Wolff, Dr. H., ii. 441 Wolseley, Lord, and the Soldiers' Institute, Portsmouth, ii. 77; on female nurses in military hospitals, ii. 341, 342; on hospital deficiencies, Egypt, 1882, ii. 338 _n._ Woman, Women, as "handmaids of the Lord," ii. 366; as health missioners, ii. 353; attitude of, to women, ii. 315; better life for, sought by F. N., i. 102, 442, ii. 366; business-like efficiency in religious Orders, i. 432; the Churches and work for, i. 57; crave for being loved, not for loving, ii. 15; have only odds and ends of time, i. 116, ii. 238; in the Bible and Greek literature, ii. 229; inaccuracy of, ii. 15; influence of, i. 332; "inspiration" of, ii. 316; lack power of attention, ii. 14; lack power of sympathy, ii. 14; midwifery as a career for, ii. 197; new sphere for, opened by F. N.'s Crimean mission, i. 305, 306, 448; F. N.'s knowledge of, ii. 14; the _respublica_ and, ii. 95; regulations and, ii. 195; "woman's movement," i. 385, 441, ii. 14, 142 Woman's Suffrage, i. 332, ii. 215, 216, 217; F. N. on, ii. 451 Wombwell's menagerie, ii. 110 Wood, Sir Charles (Viscount Halifax), Indian Secretary, ii. 33, 36, 38, 41, 42, 43, 47, 48, 57; resigns 1866, ii. 108 Wood, Sir Evelyn, ii. 337, 407 Woolner, T., R.A., ii. 469 Woolwich, Herbert (General Military) Hospital, i. 340, 395, 405, 420, ii. 6, 73, 88; Naval Hospital, i. 348 Work, blessedness of, i. 34, ii. 209, 214, 430 Workhouses, Workhouse Infirmaries, condition of (1864-66), ii. 52, 123, 124, 125; nursing in, ii. 52, 125, 128; reforms in, ii. 143; Irish, ii. 412 Works _versus_ doctrines, i. 58 Wreford, Mr., Purveyor-General, i. 157, 225 Wright, R. S., ii. 60 and _n._, 399 Writing, doing and, i. 94; F. N.'s attitude towards, i. 93-4, 474 Würstenberger, Mdlle., i. 110 Wyatt, Sir William, ii. 192 Wyse, Sir Thomas, i. 90
Yonge, Miss, _Book of Golden Deeds_, i. xxiv, ii. 462 Young, Colonel, ii. 25 _n._, 28 Young, "Ubiquity," i. 26 Yule, Colonel Sir Henry, succeeds Sir B. Frere on India Office Sanitary Committee, ii. 274; collaborates with F. N., ii. 375; death, ii. 387; on F. N., ii. 308, 386; _Memoir of Sir W. E. Baker_, ii. 274 _n._
Zambesi mission, ii. 194 Zemindars, ii. 285, 295, 451 Zenana Mission, ii. 333 Zoroaster, ii. 222
THE END
* * * * *
Transcriber's Notes:
The original spelling and minor inconsistencies in the spelling and formatting have been maintained.
Inconsistent hyphenation is as in the original.
The ligature oe and has been marked as [oe].
Text in italics has been marked with underscores (_text_).
The sign ^ has been used as a superscript.
The table below lists all corrections applied to the original text.
p 14: and Prussian Bauerinnen -> Bäuerinnen p 69: attention to "hygeists -> "hygienists p 69: of consulting hygeists -> hygienists p 75: [54] Below, p -> p. p 78: be a "saviour" of men -> men. p 89: (_Oct._ 4 [1865] -> [1865]) p 112: 24 PRINCES GATE, Feb. -> _Feb._ p 128: far more untameable -> untamable p 145: consigning sanitary adminisstration -> administration p 151: This was on July 27 -> 27. p 154: civilization of India" -> civilization of India") p 184: pp. 519-534. -> 534.) p 190: Princess sent Fraülein -> Fräulein p 235: childlikeness of wisdom -> wisdom. p 237: und stiller Auf -> auf p 248: or Ward Sisters -> Sisters. p 284: in 1874, 37.1 -> 37.1. p 285: others, for over-emphasis -> over-emphasis. p 285: was not the -> Was p 288: told her drily -> dryly p 304: "But these pleasures -> But p 328: August 21, 1880 -> 1880. p 369: can be expected." she -> expected," she p 384: Nos. 126, 133 -> 133, p 388: the thing was very characteristic -> characteristic. p 389: Ever your loving F. N." -> N. p 390: was "Aunt Florence -> Florence" p 401: in all that befel -> befell p 428: are letters to Mr., -> Mr. p 441: des Geh. Sanitäts -> Sanitäts-Rath p 447: Discipline, Cincinatti -> Cincinnati p 455: By George H. De' Ath -> De'Ath p 471: i. 361, 376, -> 376; p 477: De' Ath -> De'Ath p 483: ii. 117, -> ii. 117; p 486: See also _Daily News_ -> _See also_ Daily News p 488: (1) Chronological -> [(1) p 489: (Oct. 16) -> (Oct. 16), i. 155 p 495: 261, 262, 142 -> 342 p 506: (1866) visits F. N. -> --(1866) visits F. N.